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Patho UNMC - Nieveen Exam 2 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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Patho UNMC - Nieveen Exam 2 Questions And100% Correct Answers
Trachea-esophageal fistula - Answer -The cells of the embryonic foregut fail to
differentiate during the developmental period.
-The foregut fails to separate to form a totally separate oesophagus and trachea. There
is a patent fistula between the two structures.
Esophageal atresia - Answer -Cells of the embryonic foregut fail to develop.
-There is an incorrect development with a pouch at the end of the oesophagus with no
connection to the stomach.
Clinical Manifestations of Trachea-esophageal fistula and Esophageal atresia - Answer
Manifestations are similar. Manifestations relate to the fact that there is no normal
pathway from the esophagus down to the stomach, and that there is an opening
between the trachea and either the esophagus or the stomach.
Manifestations of Trachea-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia cont. - Answer
-Infants are unable to handle oral secretions and usually have what appears to be
increased oral secretions.
Coughing/choking/spitting up of feedings
-Aspiration into the lungs is a potential complication
-Abdominal distention with the type in example C (they swallow air)
,Pyloric Stenosis - Answer Genetically influenced abnormal narrowing of the pyloric
sphincter connecting the stomach and small intestine.
Patho of Pyloric Stenosis - Answer Sphincter muscle hypertrophies during development.
The hypertrophy of this muscle narrows the opening of the sphincter. The narrowing
delays the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine.
Clinical Manifestations of Pyloric Stenosis - Answer The primary manifestation is
vomiting. Due to improper emptying of the stomach there is increased pressure and
fullness. This type of vomiting is seen usually at the time of or following feedings.
Constipation. The delayed stomach emptying also can slow things down in the GI tract
causing some constipation.
General Causes of Malabsorption - Answer Incomplete digestion of nutrients. For
example, having deficient enzymes of digestions such as lactase so lactose cannot be
broken down.
Abnormalities of the absorptive surface. Biochemical or genetic. Inflammatory or
infectious disorders causing abnormalities with the absorptive surface.
Lack of absorptive surface area.
Patho of Ulcerative Colitis - Answer Begins in the rectum and extends into the sigmoid
colon. Inflammatory process usually begins at the bases of the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
Inflammation causes the mucosa to become swollen and engorged with blood, and dark
red. Erosions of the mucosa form and lead to mucosal hemorrhages. This leads to
further ulcerations, and mucosal destruction. Bowel lumen often is narrowed and there
is sloughing off of the mucosa, and the bowel fills with a bloody, mucousy secretion. The
main problem is the loss of absorptive surface in the sigmoid area. Ulcerative colitis is
characterized by periods of exacerbations, and remissions.
, Clinical Manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis - Answer • Cramping abdominal pain
• Bloody, mucousy diarrhea
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
• Weight loss
• Anemia
Patho of Crohns Disease - Answer An inflammatory process starts in the submucosa.
The process spreads inward and outward leading to transmural lesions (lesions that
affect the entire width of the intestinal wall). These lesions can affect certain segments
but not others, therefore are also called skip lesions.
Clinical Manifestations of Crohns Disease - Answer • Individuals may have nonspecific
diarrhea for several years.
• Non-bloody diarrhea
• Abdominal pain-usually right lower quadrant
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
• Vitamin deficiencies and hypoproteinemia
• Weight loss
• Intestinal obstruction is a complication that might arise concerning the strictures.
• A complication that might arise concerning the fissures would be fistulas, with possible
peritonitis.
Patho of Stress Ulcers - Answer Related to ischemia. Major insult to the body leads to
shunting of blood away from the gut. This leads to a decrease in metabolism of mucosal
cells, and then degeneration of the mucosal lining. The mucosa is then unable to protect
itself from acid in the GI tract.
Usually occur after a major insult to the body has taken place-shock, burns, drug
ingestion, severe infections.
Patho of Gastric Ulcers - Answer The mucosal barrier has an increased permeability to
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