construction material and methods ------------ may be defined as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs.** ️️Sustainability
According to the U.S. ------ ------- -------, buildings account for --% to --% of the w...
construction material and methods
------------ may be defined as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs.** ✔️✔️Sustainability
According to the U.S. ------ ------- -------, buildings account for --% to --% of the world's energy use and
associated greenhouse gas
emissions.** ✔️✔️Green Building Council
30% to 40%
Their rating system, ---- (-------- -- ------- --- ----- -----) has become the standard for measuring the ---------
of construction.** ✔️✔️LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
sustainability
Designers develop the building plan for effective design and to comply with the legal constraints like
zoning ordinances and building codes along with any other constraints such as under the American
Disabilities Act (ADA), the Fair Housing Act, EPA, OSHA, and other laws and rules.** ✔️✔️n
Some of the sources of these legal constraints are: ✔️✔️International Residential Code (IRC) building
code for 1 & 2 family dwellings, up to 3 stories**
International Building Code (IBC) building code for all other buildings**
E/ The Work of the Construction Professional: Constructing Buildings:
Construction Service Models:
Design/Bid/Build- ✔️✔️- Owner separately hires design team and construction team.**
When foundation settlement occurs at roughly the same rate throughout all portions of a building, it is
termed
"------------ --------" (usually on uniform soil).** ✔️✔️uniform settlement
, when settlement occurs at differing rates between different portions of a building, it is termed "-------- --
-----" (usually on differing soil or with unequal building loads).** ✔️✔️differential settlement
Foundations on bedrock settle a ---------- amount whereas foundations on clay or silt can settle----------
.** ✔️✔️negligible
a great deal
--------Aggregates: (same as Gravel for most purposes) Aggregate that is retained on the No. 4 sieve
(____-mm or about _____-in.) ** ✔️✔️course
4.76 3/16
------- -------: Gravel created by artificial crushing - with at least one face resulting from fracturing **
✔️✔️Crushed Gravel
Sources of Aggregates
Land Sources: ✔️✔️Glacier deposits,
former lake and river beds,
bases of rock faces, or blasted/excavated rock mined by bucket loaders,
power shovels, draglines, or power scrapers (after stripping topsoil) **
Aggregate Strength:
As a vertical load from the top is transmitted deeper, through points of contact, the load is spread over
an ever larger area, with ever smaller forces at deeper levels: ✔️✔️The larger the maximum size of
aggregate is, the greater the strength. **
Compaction, especially by vibration, increases the shearing strength of aggregate of any size, shape, and
gradation. **
--------- generally increases strength of aggregates, reduces -------, and improves bearing capacity. **
✔️✔️compaction
settlement
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