CNUR 106 Questions With Solutions
Superego Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and wrong
Psychosocial theory Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social
experiences throughout human development
Life crisis Erik son's term to describe the main tensio...
Superego Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and wrong
Psychosocial theory Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social
experiences throughout human development
Life crisis Erik son's term to describe the main tension that individuals experience and
seek to resolve during each of eight life stages
Identity crisis Erik son's term for a situation, usually in adolescence, that causes us to
make major decisions about our identity
Object permanence the realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be
seen, heard, or touched
Cognitive structures Piaget's term to describe the basic tools of cognitive development
Adaptation a mechanism that consists of the two functional invariants- assimilation and
accommodation- in Piaget's theory
, CNUR 106 Questions With Solutions
Assimilation Piaget's term to describe the manner in which we incorporate date into our
cognitive structures
Accommodation Piaget's term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures
change
Equilibration Piaget's term to describe the balance between assimilation and
accommodation
Schemes Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and action
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Vygotsky's term for a range of ability in a given
task, where the higher limit is achieved through interaction with others
Information-processing theory cognitive theory that uses a computer metaphor to
understand how the human mind processes information
, CNUR 106 Questions With Solutions
Classical conditioning the learning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an
involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus
Positive reinforcement an event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in the
future
Negative reinforcement an event that, when it ceases to occur, makes that response more
likely to happen in the future
Operant conditioning the use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to modify or
shape voluntary behaviour or actions
Punishment process by which an unpleasant response is paired with an undesired
behaviour to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour occurring in the future
Extinction the systematic process in which behaviours are de-conditioned or eliminated
Modelling Bandura's term for observational learning
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