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CTRS Vocabulary Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
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Exam of 17 pages for the course CTRS at CTRS (CTRS Vocabulary)
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CTRS VocabularyPiaget's theory of cognitive development - answer Infancy and early childhood the
sensorimotor stage-babies learn by responding to sensory input from environmental
stimuli with motor reactions
Pre-operational stage - answer Toddler
Freud 3 basic personality traits – answer id, ego, and superego
id trait - answer generates impulses
ego - answer governs realistic self-preservation
Superego - answer Provides conscience
Theory of Psychosocial Development - answer Erikson- Encompasses the lifespan and
emphasizes psychological over psychosexual development
Infancy - answer Basic trust vs. mistrust
Toddlerhood - answer Autonomy vs shame and doubt-feelings of personal control and
independence with successful toilet-training and other physical skills
Preschool - answerSuccess exploring and asserting power/control over the environment
brings sense of purpose; destructive power/disproval brings guilty feelings
School age - answerindustry vs inferiority: successfully meeting academic and social
demands brings a sense of failure; feeling inadequete
adolenscence - answerIdentity role vs confusion: forgiving a personal identity and sense
of self enables being true to one's self
middle adulthood - answerSuccessfully nurturing others and providing legacies bring
feelings of accomplishment and usefulness; failure, shallow world involvement
Late adulthood - answerEgo integrity vs despair-satisfying life reviews bring fulfillment
and wisdom; failure,, bitterness and regret. Erikson additionally proposed a ninth,
extreme-old-age stage.
Ivan Pavlov - answerDiscovered classical training-physical reactions can be evoked by
manipulating the stimuli trigger i.e. pairing food that made dogs salivate with the ringing
of a bell
,behavior modification - answerBehaviorism maintains that to change any behavior it
must be first outwardly observable and measurable. Baseline MUST be measured.
Heiarchy of needs - answerBeginning at the base with physiological needs that must
first be satisfied before higher level safety and the psychological needs become active.
Heirachy of needs order - answerSelf actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Psychological
Carl Rogers - answerdeveloped person-centered humanistic theory.
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - answerEmphasized the social context in
which learning occurs and the major roles of observation and motivation in learning-
contrast the idea learning requires direct experience.
Self observation, self-evaluation, self reaction, and self efficacy - answerBandura's four
interrelated processes that influence motivation and achieving goals
Self efficacy - answerPeople's individual beliefs in and/or judgements of their ability for
accomplishing specific tasks. More self-efficacy-more persistent and effort devoted,
more likely to succeed.
Magnitude, Strength, and generality - answerThree dimensions wherein self-efficacy
judgements are measured
Magnitude - answerWhether a person feels a specific task is easy, medium, or difficult
Strength - answerHow convinced one is one can succeed at different difficulty levels.
Generality - answerThe extent to which one's expectation of success can be
generalized across different situations
performance outcomes - answerNegative/positive past experiences as most influential
to decrease/increase self-efficacy
Analysis of task requirements, assessment of personal and situational resources or
constraints, and attributional analysis of experience (why person thinks s/he performed
a task at a certain level) - answer3 ways a person can determine their self-efficacy
The generalized self efficacy scale (GSE scale) - answer(Schwarzer and Jerusalem)
Measures and individuals confidence in setting goals, making efforts to achieve them,
and persisting in those efforts
, The skill confidence inventory (SCI scale) - answer(Betz, et al, 1996) is used by career
counselors to measure vocational skill efficacy.
Culture - answerDetermines a client's background experiences with leisure recreation
TRS interventions with homeless/poor clients - answerProvided in neighborhoods, be
holistic and comprehensive, and collaborate with other practitioners. Referrals (parent
and family education, social workers, psychiatrists, and access to funds and
transportation as well as leisure experiences)
Clients in mental health facilities, VA's or prisons - answerInclude skills for ADL's,
gardening, operating coffee houses, and other activities that promote incentives.
TR for aging individuals - answerEnhance well-being, health, life satisfaction, promote
functional independence, stimulate cognitive processes, promote confidence, and
control, contact w/reality and current events; increase sense of competence, self worth,
provide social interaction, meaningful contributions and roles, prolonged interests, and
adjust to lose and changes with aging.
Medical model of human service delivery - answerOldest treatment model. Conditions
are regarded as illnesses/diseases. Evaluation typically includes lab analysis oh
physiological testing, *treatment includes medication*. This model assumes the client is
a patient with an illness to be healed, cured, or treated. DISREGARDS THE CLIENT'S
HOLISTIC NEEDS FOCUSES ON DISEASE OR CONDITION.
Community model of human service delivery - answerAlso known as "the special
recreation model". TR/RT service includes a critical element for providing a wide variety
of leisure opportunities within the client's community. Should provide clients with
opportunity to choose among the experiences they have and the skills they learn to
enable them to participate in community-based programs.
Education or training model - answerHelping clients to acquire the knowledge and skills
they will need to become productive members of society who can make contributions.
Vocational training,remedial education, and OT.
Psychosocial rehabilitation model - answerMore recent development. Distinguishes
mental illnesses from one another, "mental illnesses can be curable. It is inapropriate to
apply the medical model to patients suffering from persistent, severe mental
disorders.Examines the strengths of the client and make use of these and to remain in
the here and now rather than dwell on the past.
Health and wellness model - answer*preventing illness* before it occurs through
practices (reg exercise, good diet, avoiding harmful habits like smoking tobacco,
alcohol, and eating junk food high in sodium, refined sugar, etc.
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