Solution Manual for
iy iy
Statistics for Nursing
iy iy
iy ResearchAWorkbook for
iy iy iy
iy Evidence-Based Practice iy
iy 4rd Edition Susan Grove
iy iy iy
iy Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded iy iy iy iy iy iy
Measurement:Nominal,
iy i y
iy
i y
1
i y
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iyrationale for your answer. iy iy iy
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iywere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iysubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iymore than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iyare not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iycan be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iy& Gray, 2019).
iy iy
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
your answer.
i y iy
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
this sample.
i y iy
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
iy iy iy iy
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
i What category identifies your current income as an RN?
y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
a. Less than $50,000 iy iy
b. $50,000 to 59,999 iy iy
c. $60,000 to 69,999 iy iy
d. $70,000 to 80,000 iy iy
e. $80,000 or greater iy iy
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ended
AG 1-1 iy
,AG 1-2 iy Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded iy iy iy iy iy iy
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
2017).
iy
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Mallory, 2017).
iy iy
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
importance of this result.
iy iy iy iy
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
whole percent (%).
iy iy iy
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
included
i y 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91).
i y i y i y iy i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y iy
The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷
i y i y i y i y i y iy i y i y i y i y i y i y
total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
iy i y i y i y iy i y i y i y iy i y i y iy i y i y i y
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the
iy i y iy i y iy i y iy i y iy i y i y iy i y i y i y i y
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y iy iy
the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
not treated with an antidepressant.
iy iy iy iy iy
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in clinical practice?
iy iy iy
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This
iy i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
i y i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
iy iy iy iy iy iy
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
iy iy iy iy iy iy AG 1-3 iy
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iy iy
Statistics for Nursing
iy iy
iy ResearchAWorkbook for
iy iy iy
iy Evidence-Based Practice iy
iy 4rd Edition Susan Grove
iy iy iy
iy Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded iy iy iy iy iy iy
Measurement:Nominal,
iy i y
iy
i y
1
i y
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iyrationale for your answer. iy iy iy
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iywere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iysubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iymore than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iyare not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iycan be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
iy& Gray, 2019).
iy iy
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
your answer.
i y iy
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
this sample.
i y iy
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
iy iy iy iy
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
i What category identifies your current income as an RN?
y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
a. Less than $50,000 iy iy
b. $50,000 to 59,999 iy iy
c. $60,000 to 69,999 iy iy
d. $70,000 to 80,000 iy iy
e. $80,000 or greater iy iy
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ended
AG 1-1 iy
,AG 1-2 iy Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded iy iy iy iy iy iy
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
2017).
iy
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Mallory, 2017).
iy iy
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
importance of this result.
iy iy iy iy
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
whole percent (%).
iy iy iy
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
included
i y 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91).
i y i y i y iy i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y iy
The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷
i y i y i y i y i y iy i y i y i y i y i y i y
total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
iy i y i y i y iy i y i y i y iy i y i y iy i y i y i y
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the
iy i y iy i y iy i y iy i y iy i y i y iy i y i y i y i y
nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted
i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y iy iy
the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
not treated with an antidepressant.
iy iy iy iy iy
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
in clinical practice?
iy iy iy
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
steady-state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This
iy i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y i y
functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or
i y i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
iy iy iy iy iy iy
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
iy iy iy iy iy iy AG 1-3 iy
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
i y iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy iy
