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PNR 110- Exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions/ Correct-Verified Answers
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PNR 110- Exam 2 Study Guide withComplete Solutions/ Correct-Verified
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Any treatment that disturbs the balance between this and other microorganisms can
increase the risk of developing disease. - ANSWER Normal Flora of the Body
Healthy skin is tough and resilient and prevents entry of many pathogens. The normal flora of
the skin inhibits multiplication of other organisms, including pathogens that land on the skin.
- ANSWER Intact Skin
The nares, trachea, and bronchi are covered with mucous membranes that trap pathogens
which are then expelled. The nose contains hairs that filter the upper airway and the nasal
passages, sinuses, trachea, and larger bronchi are lined with cilia tiny hairlike cells that
sweep microorganisms upward from the lower airways. Coughing and sneezing forcefully
expel organisms from the respiratory tract. - ANSWER Respiratory Tree
The lacrimal glands produce tears that contain lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme. Thus
tears help the body wash infectious organisms from these. - ANSWER Eyes
This normally has a large number of pathogenic microorganisms bust saliva like tears contains
lysozyme and continually washes microbes from the teeth and gums. The rich blood supply of
the mouth swiftly transports defense blood cells and the normal flora of the mouth compete
with invading organisms for nutrition, thus keeping the microorganisms in check. - ANSWER
Mouth
,Many pathogens that reach the stomach are destroyed in its acidic environment. Those that
successfully enter the small intestine face the antimicrobial action of bile. Simple peristalsis as
well as diarrhea and vomiting, are other first-line defense mechanisms for pathogens that
invade the GI tract. In addition, normal flora in the intestine secrete antibacterial substances. -
ANSWER Normal Flora in the GI tract
The genitourinary tract is protected with mucus membranes. The epithelial cells lining the
urethra and anus secret mucus, which adheres too pathogens to promote their excretion
through urine and stool. Urine is highly acidic and contains lysozyme. Mucous membranes
lining the vagina also help keep pathogens from establishing colonies there. In addition, the
high acidity and normal flora of the vagina keep pathogens in check. - ANSWER Normal Flora
in the Urinary Tract and Anus
Biochemical processes activated by chemicals released by pathogens. - ANSWER
Secondary Defenses
The process by which phagocytes (specialized WBC's) engulf and destroy pathogens directly.
-Their WBC's include: Neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. - ANSWER Phagocytosis
This is a process by which a set of blood proteins called complement, triggers the release
of chemicals that attack the cell membranes of pathogens causing them to rupture. They
also signal basophils (WBC's) to release histamine, which prompts inflammation. - ANSWER
Complement Cascade
Process that begins when histamine and other chemicals are released either from damaged
cells or from basophils being activated by complement. With this blood vessels dilate and
become permeable, which increases the flow of phagocytes, antimicrobial chemicals, o2, and
nutrients to the affected area. The classic signs and symptoms of this are localized warmth and
erythema (redness) which develop as blood flow is increased. - ANSWER Inflammation
A rise in core body temperature that increase metabolism, inhibits multiplication of pathogens
and triggers specific immune response. Believing that low-grade ones are a necessary natural
defense mechanism, many clinicians do not treat this unless it is greater than 102*F (38.9*C).
- ANSWER Fever
, Tertiary Defenses:
-The humoral immune response (or antibody-mediated response) protects the body by
circulating antibodies to fight against pathogens (e.g., bacteria). The body's defense system
acts by producing specialized white blood cells (leukocytes) to seek out and destroy invaders.
-Production of antibodies in response to pathogens. - ANSWER Humoral Immunity
This acts directly to destroy pathogens (i.e. viruses, fungi, protozoans, cancers) without using
antibodies but rather activating phagocytes and T and B cells. Four types of T cells play a role
in fighting infection. - ANSWER Cell-mediated immunity
Directly attack and kill body cells infected with pathogens. - ANSWER Cytotoxic Killer T Cells
Play a supportive role in cell-mediated responses by secreting interleukin, which attracts
infection-fighting white blood cells. - ANSWER Helper T Cells
The first time an antigen invades the body T cells form that respond to that specific antigen.
With subsequent infections, the memory T cells are able to increase the speed and amount
of the T-cell response. - ANSWER Memory T Cells
Are thought to stop the immune response when the infection has been contained. - ANSWER
Suppressor T Cells
An acute infection depletes the body's nutritional stores; therefore, it is important to
monitor and support client nutrition, including protein, vitamins, minerals, and and water. -
ANSWER Nutrition
Required to replace lost stores, maintain production of white blood cells, and repair
damaged tissues. - ANSWER Nutrition
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