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NUR 258 MIDTERM EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
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NUR 258 MIDTERM EXAM WITHCOMPLETE SOLUTION
Layers of the heart - ANSWER - epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
AV valves - ANSWER tricuspid and bicuspid
semilunar valves - ANSWER pulmonary and aortic
automaticity - ANSWER ability to initiate an electrical impulse
Excitability - ANSWER ability to respond to electrical stimuli
Conductivity - ANSWER ability to transmit an electrical impulse from cell to
cell
SA node rate - ANSWER 60-100 bpm
AV node rate - ANSWER 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His - ANSWER 30-40bpms
R/L bundles + purkinje fibers
depolarization - ANSWER electrical stimulation
systole - ANSWER mechanical contraction
repolarization - ANSWER electrical relaxation
diastole - ANSWER mechanical relaxation
,order of conduction - ANSWER AV node > SA node > Bundle of His > R/L
bundle branches > purkinje fibers
cardiac cycle - ANSWER one complete heartbeat to the next
r wave - r wave
Preload (degree of stretch) - ANSWER volume of blood in ventricles at end of
diastole. It represents the fluid + blood return to the heart
after load (resistance) - ANSWER the resistance against which the heart
pumps
LV - SVR (systemic)
RV - PVR (pulmonary)
Contractility - ANSWER force of contraction
increased by:
-catecholamines
-SNS activity
-medications (digoxin)
decreased by:
-hypoxemia
-acidosis
-medications (BBs)
,Cardiac Output (CO) - ANSWER amount of blood pumped out of the heart in
1 minuet
NR: 4-6L/min
CO= SV x HR
Cardiac Index (CI) - ANSWER important in ICU in order to titrate vasoactive
medications
NR: 2.5-4 L/min/
CI = CO/BSA (body surface area)
Stroke Volume (SV) - ANSWER amount of blood ejected per heart beat
NR : 30-120mls/min
3 factors :
-preload
, -afterload
-contractility
autonomic nervous system (ANS) - ANSWER parasympathetic and
sympathetic
PNS (vagus nerve) - fight or flight (epinephrine)
SNS (release catecholamines) - rest and digest (acetylcholine)
Catecholamines - ANSWER epinephrine and norepinephrine
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - ANSWER rest and digest
negative chronotropy , dromotropy , inotropy
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - ANSWER fight or flight
positive chronotropy , dromotropy , inotropy
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