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2024 NUR 8022 INTRO TO ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 8022 INTRO TO ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NUR 8022 INTRO TOADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Electrolytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS-Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are
electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
Internal Environment - CORRECT-ANSWERS-60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances,
and other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
ECF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on
inside)
Action Potential Explained - CORRECT-ANSWERS*If there is not enough Na+
to rise the polarity above the threshold, no stimuli will be passed on.
When the stimulus comes through it opens the Na+ pumps-->Na+ comes in,
makes the inside of cell less negative-->when threshold potential is met,
Na+ comes flooding in, and depolarization occurs till +30mV is hit-->Na+
channels close-->K+ channels open, K+ rushes out of cell till we hit -70mV,
but K+ channels close slowly, so some still seep out causing the undershoot--
>Na+/K+ pump puts everything back together during the refractory period
Sodium Potassium Pump Explained - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. 3 Na+ from
inside of cell bind to pump
2. ATP attaches to pump, then gets broken into ADP+P to open pump
3. Na+ gets released outside the cell
4. 2 K+ ions bind to activated/changed pump--> changes pump back to
original position
, 5. K+ released inside bringing resting membrane potential of -70mV
Refractory Period - CORRECT-ANSWERS-The refractory period is after an
action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be elicited
*Shortly after depolarization the sodium channels become inactivated and
no amount of excitatory signal applied to them will open the inactivation
gates
*The only condition that will allow them to reopen is for the membrane
potential to return to or near the original resting membrane potential.
Signal Transmission - CORRECT-ANSWERSMyelination:
Myelin decreases ion flow through the membrane
Schwann cells: surround the nerve axon forming a myelin sheath
*sheath is interrupted every 1-3 mm (Node of Ranvier)
Saltatory Conduction - CORRECT-ANSWERS-APs only occur at the nodes (Na+
channels are concentrated here)
-Signal jumps from node to node, conserving energy, and increasing velocity
ICF - CORRECT-ANSWERS-K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
Homeostasis - CORRECT-ANSWERS-"Maintenance of nearly constant
conditions in the internal environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
Negative Feedback - CORRECT-ANSWERSpromotes stability; most of the time
it's a good thing. Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating
stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into
the cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
Positive Feedback - CORRECT-ANSWERSpromotes change in one direction;
initiating trigger is made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
Cell Membrane - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
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