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Bio 171 Final Review Exam With All Correct Answers.
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Tobacco mosaic disease - Answer stunts growth of tobacco plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration Martinus Beijerinck of the Netherlands conducted experiments to determine the nature of the infectious particle - Answer Infectious particle is smaller than bacteria • Infectio...

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  • October 28, 2024
  • 38
  • 2024/2025
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Bio 171 Final Review Exam With All
Correct Answers.
Tobacco mosaic disease - Answer stunts growth of tobacco

plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration



Martinus Beijerinck of the Netherlands conducted

experiments to determine the nature of the infectious

particle - Answer Infectious particle is

smaller than bacteria

• Infectious particle can

reproduce in plants



Not even the simplest of cells can aggregate into

regular crystals. - Answer In 1935 Wendell Stanley showed that the

infectious particles could be crystallized



virus - Answer very small infectious particle

consisting of only nucleic acids enclosed in a

protein coat and, in some cases, a

membranous envelope

A virus is genetic code without the metabolism

or machinery of a living organism

not a living cell



The Structure of Viruses - Answer Viral genomes may consist of either

- Double- or single-stranded DNA, or

- Double- or single-stranded RNA

,Depending on its type of nucleic acid, a virus is

called a DNA virus or an RNA virus

Viral Genom



capsid - Answer protein shell that encloses the viral genome

various structures



capsomeres - Answer building blocks for capsids



viral envelope - Answer surround the capsids of

influenza viruses and many other viruses found in

animals

Viral envelopes, which are derived from the host

cell's membrane, contain a combination of viral and

host cell molecules



host range - Answer a limited number of

host cells that it can infect



virus and host cell - Answer Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, which

means they can replicate only within a host cell

Once a viral genome has entered a cell, the cell

begins to manufacture viral proteins

• The virus makes use of host enzymes, ribosomes,

tRNAs, amino acids, ATP, and other molecules

CHANGES HOST CELLS GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS



Bacteriophages (phages) - Answer most well known viruses that infect bacteria

They have the most complex capsids found among viruses

,A protein tail piece attaches the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA



lytic cycle - Answer phage replicative cycle that

culminates in the death of the host cell

The lytic cycle produces new phages and lyses

(breaks open) the host's cell wall, releasing the

progeny viruses



virulent phage - Answer A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle



restriction enzymes - Answer bacteria defense against phages, recognize and cut up certain phage DNA



lysogenic cycle - Answer replicates the phage genome without destroying the host

The viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the

host cell's chromosome.

Every time the host divides, it copies the phage

DNA and passes the copies to daughter cells

An environmental signal can trigger the virus

genome to exit the bacterial chromosome and switch

to the lytic mode



prophage - Answer Integrated viral DNA



Animal Viral envelopes - Answer Many viruses that infect animals have a

membranous envelope

Viral glycoproteins on the envelope bind to specific

receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell

Some viral envelopes are formed from the host

cell's plasma membrane as the viral capsids exit

, Retroviruses - Answer use the enzyme reverse

transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA



HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) i - Answer retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome)



provirus - Answer The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome

Unlike a prophage, a provirus remains a permanent resident of the host cell



Viral Diseases - Answer Viruses may damage or kill cells by causing the

release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes

Some viruses cause infected cells to produce toxins

that lead to disease symptoms

Others have molecular components such as

envelope proteins that are toxic

cannot be treated by antibiotics



Vaccines - Answer harmless derivatives of pathogenic

microbes that stimulate the immune system to

mount defenses against the harmful pathogen

can prevent certain viral illnesses



antiviral drugs - Answer can help treat but not cure



H1N1 epidemic - Answer flu like illness in US AND MEXICO ,mostly killed young people and is thought
to be a descendant of earlier influenza viruses including the one that killed 40 million people in 1918



flu epidemics - Answer caused by new strains of influenza virus to which people have little immunity

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