Exam (elaborations)
NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology) LATEST UPDATED FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE
- Course
- Institution
NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology) LATEST UPDATED FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE
[Show more]
Content preview
NR 507 (Advanced Pathophysiology)LATEST UPDATED FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE CHAMBERLAIN
COLLEGE.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 19857451
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Concepts:
• Genitourinary disorders
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Neurobiological disorders
• Endocrine disorders
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Demyelinating diseases
• Convulsions
• Headache syndromes
• Cranial nerve disorders
• Central nervous system inflammation
• Central nervous system ischemia
• Dermatologic conditions
GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
• Acute Renal Failure
o Reversible
o Prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output= kidneys are functioning well
• Acute Pyelonephritis
o Pathophysiology
▪ Bacterial colonization
▪ Adherence and invasion
▪ Inflammation and immune response
▪ Renal injury and complications (upper urinary system)
o Assessment
▪ Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis;
pyelonephritis involves the upper tract and cystitis involves the lower tract.
▪ Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, and fever. Systemic signs, such as high fever, chills,
and tachycardia, may suggest severe infection.
o Diagnosis
▪ Urinalysis: Positive urine culture with significant bacteriuria (>10^5 CFU/mL) and the
presence of pyuria (≥10 white blood cells per high-power field) on urinalysis. WBC casts
indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present
▪ CBC: Complete blood count (CBC) elevated white blood cell count =infection.
▪ Imaging studies: renal ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, can help identify
structural abnormalities and complications like abscess formation or obstruction.
• Renal Calculi
o Pathophysiology
▪ Supersaturation: urine becomes oversaturate with certain substances like calcium
▪ Nucleation: crystals act as nucleation sites, where further crystal deposition can occur.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 19857451
▪ Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate urine flow allows crystals to remain in the
urinary tract
▪ Stone growth and composition: overtime, crystals accumulate and grow into stones.
o Assessment
▪ Medical history: identify risk
▪ Physical exam: flank or abdominal pain; costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness;
hematuria
▪ Imaging studies: crucial for assessing the presence, size, location and composition of
the stones- CT scan, renal ultrasound or x-ray
▪ Lab tests: urinalysis (blood, crystals or infection); blood tests evaluate renal function and
identify metabolic abnormalities
o Treatment
▪ Conservative treatment: for stones <5 mm that are asymptomatic or causing mild
symptoms
▪ Medical management: thiazide diuretics or allopurinol can be used for calcium stones or
uric acid stones, respectively
▪Stone removal: larger stones >5 mm or stones causing severe symptoms-lithotripsy.
▪The goals of treatment:
• Manage acute pain
• Promote passage of stone
• Reduce the size of stone already formed
• Prevent new stone formation
• Chronic Renal Failure
o Review who is a candidate for dialysis
o Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic
diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor) systemic
lupus erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease
o CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
o Review 5 stages of CKD
eGFR
Stage Description (mL/min) Complications of Decreased GFR
1 There is kidney damage with normal or elevated 90-120 • Anemia
GFR • Hypertension
• Decreased calcium absorption
• Hyperlipidemia
2 There is kidney damage with mild decrease in 60-89 • Heart failure
GFR • Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Fluid volume overload
3 There is a moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
• Hyperkalemia
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller saraciousstuvia. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $16.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
72042 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now
