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FNU 404 Exam 1 Study Set @ 2024
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FNU 404 Exam 1 StudySet @ 2024
minerals - Answer inorganic elements that come from the earth. classified as major
(macro) or trace (micro), referred to as ions when they carry a charge, functions in the
body are many and varied
major minerals - Answer dietary need is greater than or equal to 100 mg/ day and
greater than 0.01% of total human mass
what are the major minerals? - Answer calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium,
chloride, magnesium, and sulfur
sources of calcium - Answer dairy products, sardines, oysters, clams, tofu, molasses,
almonds, calcium- fortified food, dark green leafy veggies
oxalates and phytates - Answer bind calcium and decrease absorption
calcium is what kind of cation? - Answer divalent
what is the most abundant mineral in the body? - Answer calcium
calcium makes up - Answer 40% of total mineral mass
calcium makes up 1.5% of - Answer total body mass
99% of calcium is - Answer in the bones and teeth
1% of calcium is - Answer within intracellular and extracellular fluids (bloodstream)
functions of calcium - Answer bone mineralization, blood clotting, muscle contraction,
membrane permeability of the cell. structural integrity of bones and teeth, nerve
impulse transmission, maintenance of acid- base balance
osteoblasts - Answer bone- building cells with 3 month life span
osteoclasts - Answer respond to PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin. resorb bone
calcium is excreted through - Answer urine and feces and lesser amounts through skin
protein, caffeine, and sodium - Answer increase urinary excretion of calcium
calcium deficiency - Answer infants and children develop rickets. codeficiency of
vitamin d. adults have increased risk for osteoporosis. hypocalcemia may lead to tetany.
calcium toxicity is - Answer rare, but high intake from supplements can cause
, constipation
UL for calcium = - Answer 2,500 mg per day
calcium AI for 11- 24 years - Answer 1,300 mg
calcium AI for 18-50 years - Answer 1,000 mg
calcium AI for 50 plus years - Answer 1,200 mg
calcium is present in - Answer relatively insoluble salts
calcium must be - Answer liberated from food to be absorbed
if calcium is solubilized, it can - Answer bind to other compounds
calcium is saturable, meaning that - Answer we can't absorb more one full
calcium is absorbed through - Answer carrier mediation, which means it needs a carrier
protein
calcium is absorbed by - Answer active transport, which requires energy
calcium can also be absorbed via - Answer transcellular transport and diffusion
calcium absorption occurs in the - Answer duodenum and proximal jejunum
calcium absorption is regulated by - Answer the hormone calcitriol
the diffusion of calcium is - Answer passive, nonsaturable, and a nonregulated process
and it occurs in mostly the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine
what increases calcium absorption? - Answer increased vitamin D and PTH, consuming
lactose during the same meal, increased need (growth, pregnancy, lactation),
distribution of intake throughout the day, acidic pH in digestive tract)
what decreases calcium absorption? - Answer decreased vitamin D and PTH,
consuming phytate, fiber, and oxalates during same meal, decreased need, increased
diet zinc or magnesium, high- fat diets or decreased fat- digestion, excess diet
phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin A, rapid GI tract movement
nutrients/ substances enhancing calcium absorption - Answer vitamin D, sugar and
sugar alcohols, protein
nutrients/ substances inhibiting calcium absorption - Answer fiber, phytic acid, oxalic
acid, excessive zinc and magnesium, unabsorbed fatty acids
nutrients whose absorption may be inhibited by excess calcium - Answer phosphorus,
iron, fatty acids
ingestion of large amounts of calcium with phosphorus- containing foods - Answer
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