cardinal rule of composition - ANSWER: 1) maximize depth of field 2) fill the frame 3)
keep it at 90'
depth of field - ANSWER: range of items that will be focused in foreground and
background
hyperfocal focusing - ANSWER: method to focus when 'infinity' is in view; align the
infinity symbol with appropriate f/stop on the DOF scale
isosceles triangle - ANSWER: triangle with two equal sides
isosceles triangle point of view - ANSWER: photo taken from point equidistant to
both items, which are on an imaginary "line"
lens flare - ANSWER: when the sun directly strikes the sensor, resulting in image of
lens' optical elements
reciprocal exposure - ANSWER: theory of reciprocity; different combinations of
apertures/shutter speeds will result in same exposure
wagon wheel ellipse - ANSWER: circular wheel appears elliptical when viewed from
side; allegory for distortion caused by perspective
zone focusing - ANSWER: rear distance of area that needs to be in focus ('zone') is
used on DOF scale with proper exposure
hard shadows - ANSWER: shadows which obscure detail
soft shadows - ANSWER: shadows in which detail can still be discerned; created using
a reflector
full field of responsibility - ANSWER: anything in the image should be there because
the photographer intended it to be
in situ photographs - ANSWER: photographs of the scene/item as found, before any
additions/subtractions to scene
Body Panorama - ANSWER: series of photographs to completely capture body;
includes facial closeup and one from each side
, close up photographs - ANSWER: detail photo of evidence taken with scale
exterior overall photographs - ANSWER: relate scene to surroundings
interior overall photographs - ANSWER: bridge/relate interior of scene to exterior;
provide context for midrange photos
labeled scale - ANSWER: scale used to photograph evidence; should include item #,
case #, date, and photographer
midrange photos - ANSWER: show relation of items/evidence to scene
natural perspective - ANSWER: photos taken from photographer's full standing
height, as you would naturally see the scene
overall photographs - ANSWER: capture overall condition of scene
photo identifier - ANSWER: captured at beginning of photo set; should include date,
location, case #, photographer
photo memo sheet - ANSWER: used to detail description of photo and camera
settings (typically replaced with digital photo log)
aperture - ANSWER: refers to opening created by diaphragm; controls depth of field
aperture priority exposure mode - ANSWER: photographer determines desired
aperture, camera determines appropriate shutter speed based on lighting conditions
bracketing - ANSWER: taking photographs at different exposures (usually plus one
and minus one) to ensure best exposure captured
burning - ANSWER: photoshop tool, used to darken overexposed image (comes from
film terms)
color correction filters - ANSWER: filters used to compensate for colors/lighting on
scene
critical comparison photographs - ANSWER: used for items of evidence that will be
compared; best taken in RAW at ISO 100 with scale on same plane
dark noise - ANSWER: random colorization that occurs in images of low light as
camera sensor tries to "guess" what color should be there --> caused by high ISO
dirty snow - ANSWER: snow reflects more than 18% of light, resulting in camera
trying to underexpose image (snow looks dirty)
diaphragm - ANSWER: set of blades which open and close; determines aperture
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