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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS INCLUDED
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NUR 2063 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS INCLUDED
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NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Review1. Cirrhosis (end stage liver disease)
Answer
- irreversible end-stage of many different hepatic injuries
Alcoholism, acute hepatitis, toxic hepatitis (taking too much Tylenol), and liver is fibrotic a
2. What is another name for cirrhosis?
Answer
- End stage lover disease
3. What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
Answer
- Albumin production decreases during liver failure
4. What role does albumin play in the blood?
Answer
Albumin primarily binds to water and keeps water in our body (VERY IMPORTANT)
5. signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)
Answer
- Hypotension, renal artery obstruction (blood clot), fever, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, overuse of
diuretics, hem- orrhage, severe sepsis, and hear failure.
6. What are the function of the kidneys?
Answer
- Get rid of excess fluid, manage blood volumes (BP), nutrients and ion concentrations (Acids
& Base).
7. How do we assess for renal disorders?
Answer
- checking for flank pain (CVA Tender- ness) at the costovertebral angle.
,8. What is cystic kidney disease?
Answer
Genetically transmitted renal disorder resulting in fluid-filled cysts; localized to one area or can
affect both kidneys.
9. What causes cystic kidney disease?
Answer
- Genetics
10. . Nephrons
Answer
each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule,
through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine
11. Hematuria
Answer
Blood within urine
12. Proteinuria
Answer
Protein in urine
13. Nephrolithiasis (Renal calculi)
Answer
Kidney stones (crystal aggregates composed of organic and inorganic materials located within
the urinary tract)
14. Pyelonephritis
Answer
- Infection of kidney
15. Cystitis
Answer
inflammation of the bladder lining
,16. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Causes
Answer
- Disruptions in fluid (fluid overload), elec- trolyte, and acid-base balances.
-Electrolytes are unable to get rid of potassium which leads up to hypertension which can escalate
to further cardiac issues.
- Retention of nitrogenous waste products (due to waste not being able to come out)
-Increased serum creatinine
- Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
17. Sites of Disruption
Answer
- prerenal, postrenal, intrinsic
18. Prerenal
Answer
- Disruption/diminishing to renal perfusion (something is affecting the flow of blood to the
kidney) Ex. Blood clot, heart failure, hypotension, and severe sepsis.
19. Postrenal
Answer
- Disruption to urine flow distal to the kidney (Ex. Stone, ureter damage, enlarged prostate, and
urethra damage).
Leads to acute tubular necrosis (intrinsic) and irreversible kidney damage. (backflow of urine
causes the damage)
20. Intrinsic
Answer
- Damage/disruptions within the kidney blood vessels, tubules, or glomeruli (Ex. Tumors and
medications).
Causes
Answer
Nephrotoxic insult (certain medications), chemotherapy, contrast me- dia(dye), and prolonged
, postrenal failure.
21. What is compartment syndrome?
Answer
- Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury results from swelling of injured tissue within a
restrictive fascia.
22. Why does Compartment Syndrome occur and what are the signs?
Answer
Causes
- decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally ap- plied pressure.
Edema causes increased pressure in the compartment; pressure reduces capillary flow; muscle
and nerves become ischemic.
If pressure not reduced, tissue necrosis occurs
23. What are the 5 P's?
Answer
- PAIN, PALLOR, PULSELESSNESS, PARATHESIS, AND PARALYSIS
24. What are pressure ulcers?
Answer
- Pressure Ulcers are Localized areas of cellular necrosis resulting from prolonged pressure
between any bony prominence and an external object such as a bed or wheelchair.
25. How are pressure ulcers staged and how can we prevent them?
Answer
- Most common in bedridden or elderly patients.
Can be prevented by constantly changing the patients' position.
26. What are electrolyte reservoirs?
Answer
- Electrolyte reservoirs- easily deposited to maintain balance
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