NUR 2162 Critical Analysis and Nursing
Science Exam 1 Review
1. Mid-19th-Century Nursing in England
Answer
Nightingale went to care for British soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856),
she took 38 nurses to the British hospital in Scutari, Turkey. With great compassion, and
despitethe opposition of military officers, Nightingale and the other nurses organized and
cleaned the hos- pital and provided care to the wounded soldiers. Armed with an excellent
education in statistics, Nightingale collected very detailed data on morbidity and mortality of
the soldiers inScutari. Using this supporting evidence, she effectively argued the case for
reform of the entireBritish Army medical system.
2. 1861-1873
The American Civil War—An Impetus for Training for Nursing
Answer
-
-Dorothea L. Dix, a long-time advocate for the mentally ill in prewar years. She was appointed
Superintendent of Women Nurses by the Union Army.
-Sojourner Truth- led slaves to freedom with Tubman
-Harriet Tubman established the Underground Railroad and led slaves to freedom.
-Susie King Taylor, first worked as a laundress but was called on to assist as a nurse. She is noted
for teaching soldiers, African American and White, how to read and write.
-Mary Ann ("Mother") Bickerdyke, who attended Oberlin College in Ohio, was a wid- ow who
moved to Illinois and worked as an herbalist, creating alternative treatments with plants and
herbs.
-Clara Barton (angel of the battlefield) provided relief for the soldiers. Appealing to the nation
for supplies of woolen shirts, blankets, towels, lanterns, camp kettles, and other necessities
(Barton, 1862), she established her own system of distribution, refusing to enlist in the military
nurse corps headed by Dorothea Dix
3. After the Civil War
,Answer
Moving toward Education and Licensure under the Challenges of Segregation
-The First Training Schools for Nurses and the Feminizing of Nursing
-Professionalization through Organization
-Nursing's Focus on Social Justice
The Henry Street Settlement
-A Common Cause, but Still Segregated
War Again Creates the Need for Nurses
Spanish-American War
4. Spanish-American War
Answer
Set the stage for the development of a permanent Army Nurse Corps (1901) and Navy Nurse
Corps (1908) (Figure 2-8).
5. Early beginnings of nurses' training, desired characteristics of students-
Answer
Bellevue Training School for Nurses in New York City, the Connecticut Training School for
Nurses in New Haven, and the Boston Training School for Nurses
at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston—were modeled after Nightingale's school at St.
, Thomas' Hospital in London and opened in 1873. One year later, Linda Richards graduated,
becoming the first trained nurse in the United States.
6. Early integrated education
Answer
-Nurses did not have to be registered to practice but could not use the title of registered nurse (RN)
unless they were registered. -By 1923 all states required examinations for permissive licensure,
but the examinations were not standardized. It was not until the 1930s that New York became
the first state to have mandatory licensure; however, this was not fully mandated until 1947.
-In 1950 the NLN assumed responsibility for administering the first nationwide State Board Test
Pool Examination.
7. Men in nursing
Answer
Male students were not allowed in the early nursing schools that enrolled women. The earliest
school established exclusively for the training of men in nursing was the School for Male
Nurses at the New York City Training
School, established in 1886. The Mills College of Nursing at Bellevue Hospital was the second
male school, founded in 1888. In 1898 the Alexian Brothers. Hospital in Chicago established a
nursing school to train men. They opened a second school in 1928 in St. Louis. The Alexian
Brothers ministry dates back to the Middle Ages in Europe, where they tended to the sick and
hungry and, in the mid-1300s, cared for victims of the Black Plague that devastated the
continent. The Alexian Brothers Health System still exists today.
8. Early nurse leaders recognized for their contributions.
Answer
Florence Nightingale Mary Seacole (1805-1881)
Sojourner truth, Harriet Tubman King Taylor
Mary Bickerdyke Clara Barton Sallie Thompkins Phoebe Pember
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