Exam (elaborations)
BIOL 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
- Course
- BIO-443
- Institution
- University Of New Hampshire
BIOL 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
BIOL 443 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
Latest Update
What are responsible for the differences between cell types? ANS✔✔
Proteins and RNAs which make the cells functionally different
What is genomic equivalence? ANS✔✔ The concept that the DNA sequence
between different cell types is the same
What can a polytene spread or human karyotype tell us? ANS✔✔ Whether or
not there is obvious loss of genetic material
How can we test genomic equivalence? ANS✔✔ We can use the idea of newt
regeneration to prove that all the information needed to make the rest of
the limb is contained within the remaining cells/ the non-amputated part. So
if you cut off a newt's limb and it still grows back, it is assumed all the DNA
is still there
What is the ultimate experiment to demonstrate genomic equivalence?
ANS✔✔ To show transdetermination (change the path of a differentiated
cell) by making one cell because all the rest of the cells. Ian Wilmut, creator
of Dolly the sheep, enucleated an egg from one type of sheep and put a
mammary gland cell (a terminally differentiated cell) in it. He put it in a
surrogate sheep, gave it a jolt of electricity, and it gave rise to Dolly who's
DNA was genetically identical to the donor nucleus. This told us that all the
information needed to make an entire organism and all the cell types was in
a terminally differentiated cell.
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
What is the principle of genomic equivalence? ANS✔✔ Each somatic cell
nucleus contains the same chromosomes and same set of genes as all other
somatic cell nuclei.
What are the exceptions to genomic equivalence? ANS✔✔ Aneuploidy,
cancer, red blood cells, and B lymphocytes
What step seems to be the most important regulatory step for most genes?
ANS✔✔ Transcription because it is the least wasteful since there are no
immediate products without transcription
In what fashion are genes regulated? ANS✔✔ Cis (ex: DNA sequence) and in
trans (ex: all that binds and regulates gene expression)
Name a CIS distal regulatory element ANS✔✔ Enhancer: binds to the TF and
communicates the activity status to the promoter
Name a CIS proximal regulatory element ANS✔✔ Promoter: get TFs there
and determine direction of transcription
Name a important trans element ANS✔✔ Transcription factors: modular
proteins that bind DNA
What does a DNA binding domain do? ANS✔✔ Interact with DNA sequence
What does a ligand binding domain do? ANS✔✔ Bind to hormones and
regulate expression
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Explain the homeodomain-DNA interaction ANS✔✔ The DNA binding domain
forms a specific interface (strong interaction) that is dependent of the
sequence of the DNA. The right amino acid sequence on the DBD will line up
with the DNA sequence
In what way are transcription factors efficient? ANS✔✔ TFs work
combinatorially which results in infinite possibilities of combinations and
complexity in gene expression. If you only had one TF and for one target
gene, you wouldn't have anything else but TFs in the genome
What is important for cell identity? How do we know this? ANS✔✔
Transcription factor expression. We know this because TFs have been
conserved throughout evolution (ex: HOX genes which specify identity
among the A/P axis)
What determines when and where genes are expressed? How do we know
this? ANS✔✔ Enhancers. Researchers inverted a sequence in the flies
genome so that the enhancer that controls lab (labial palp) expression was
placed next to Antp (legs). This resulted in legs growing out of the mouth
instead of labial palps
What is the Ubx expression pattern in T2 and T3 in a wild-type fly? What is
the phenotype in the two regions? ANS✔✔ Ubx is turned off in T2 and turned
on in T3. This makes wings in T2 and halteres in T3
What happens when you turn Ubx off in T2 and T3? What does this tell us?
ANS✔✔ This makes wings on T2 and another pair of wings on T3. This tells
us Ubx is required for haltere development
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