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NURS 4106 Exam 3 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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NURS 4106 Exam 3 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
NURS 4106 Exam 3 Questions and Answers
Latest Update
Number of people who suffer strokes each year + percentage of those who
experience permanent disability ANS✔✔ 800,000
15-30% with permanent disability
stroke is the _____ leading cause of death in US ANS✔✔ fifth
percentage of strokes caused by modifiable risk factors ANS✔✔ 90%
HTN most common
modifiable risk factors for stroke ANS✔✔ - Hypertension
- heart disease
- high cholesterol
- smoking (doubles risk for ischemic stroke)
- obesity
- sleep apnea
- metabolic syndrome
- lack of physical exercise
- poor diet
- drug/alcohol abuse
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Non-Modifable Risk factors for stroke ANS✔✔ - age 55+
- men get more strokes, but women die from stroke more often
- African American
- family history
- sickle cell disease
- women with migraines with aura
- rheumatoid arthritis
- previous stroke, MI or TIA
describe incidence of and risk factors for MS ANS✔✔ most common CNS
disease among young adults and third leading cause of disability in US
explain mechanisms that affect cerebral blood flow ANS✔✔ myogenic tone:
transmural pressure influences arterial diameter through direct smooth
muscle contraction or relaxation
metabolic mechanism: fluctuations in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
lead to vasoconstriction or dilatation
endothelium: secretion of substances like endothelin-1 and thromboxane
A2; these molecules may act directly on smooth muscle cells
neurogenic response: neurons and glia mediate smooth muscle physiology
by releasing various neurotransmitters with vasoactive properties
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
transient ischemic attack (TIA) ANS✔✔ transient episode of neurologic
dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia, but
without acute brain infarction
sx similar to other strokes, but last very short time and are often unnoticed
and unreported
can be precursor to ischemic stroke
etiology/pathophysiology of ischemic stroke ANS✔✔ ischemia (cell death
due to lack of oxygen) to part of the brain
types: thrombotic, embolic
most common form of ischemic stroke ANS✔✔ thrombotic (clot forms in
artery due to slowing of blood from plaque presence, blocking blood supply
to brain) -- 60% of all strokes
most often caused by injury to vessel, associated with HTN and diabetes
often preceded by TIA
extent of hemorrhagic stroke depends on: ANS✔✔ amount, location and
duration of bleeding
extent of ischemic stroke depends on: ANS✔✔ - Rapidity of onset
- Size of damaged area
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- Presence of collateral circulation
embolic stroke ANS✔✔ less common form of ischemic stroke, but second
most common cause of stroke after thrombotic
embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery, resulting in infarction and
edema of area supplied by the involved vessel
sudden onset, severe clinical manifestations, few warning signs
etiology/pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke ANS✔✔ breaking of a weak
blood vessel causing bleeding into the brain, blocking additional blood flow
to brain, resulting in cell death
two places and four sub-places that bleeding can occur in a hemorrhagic
stroke ANS✔✔ 1. brain tissue itself
a) intracerebral
b) intraparenchymal
2. open spaces
a) subarachnoid space, between arachnoid and pia mater (normally filled
with CSF)
b) intraventricular space
most common causes of SAH ANS✔✔ cerebral aneurysm rupture, trauma,
drug abuse
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