10/28/24, 8:31 PM 2024 Newest |NU 545 Unit 1|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUT…
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Terms in this set (105)
What is metabolic The uptake and use of nutrients and other
absorption? substances from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use o2 to remove
remove hydrogen atoms H atoms. This produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
in an oxidative reaction?
Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash
cans and recycling agents" "as cells complete their
During cell injury what is
life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
released that is capable
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion
of cellular autodigestion?
are called autolysosomes or autophagomes (pg 7-
8).
The nucleus contains the Nucleolus, a small dense
Where is the genetic info
structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg
contained in the cell?
3.
Cell membranes contain "The main components of cell membranes are lipids
which major chemical and proteins. The basic structure of cell membranes
components? is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from
What allows potassium to and area of greater solute concentration to an area
diffuse in and out of of lesser solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active
cells? transport of K+ and Na+ requires a Sodium-
Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
How is the cell protected Plasma membrane pg 12 table 1.1 (functions of
from injury? membrane).
,10/28/24, 8:31 PM 2024 Newest |NU 545 Unit 1|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUT…
In cirrhosis, what does causes a decrease in membrane fluidity and affects
cholesterol have to do the cells' ability to transport oxygen
with the erythrocytes?
PDGF stimulates proliferation of connective tissue
What is platelet-derived
cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating
growth factor?
blood clots. Pg 38.
Cells need to communicate w/ each other to
maintain a stable internal environment, or
homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is
done by 3 main ways. 1) they display plasma
What is cell membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors)
communication? How that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct
does it occur? physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins
inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to
enter the cell to bind w/ them. 3) they form protein
channels that directly coordinate the activities of the
adjacent cells. Pg 19.
Primary means of cell-to-cell communication. 5
forms of signaling mediated by secreted molecules:
(1) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be
in close membrane-membrane contact; (2)
Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical
mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or
immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells produce
What is chemical signals that they, themselves, respond to (cancer
signaling? cells); (4) Hormonal signaling involves specialized
endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called
hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set
of cells and travel through the tissue and through
the bloodstream to produce a response in other
sets of cells; (5) Neurohormonal signaling-
hormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
How is glucose Pancreatic cells secrete and release insulin to signal
transported from the muscle cells to absorb sugar from the blood for
blood to the cell? energy. (p.3)
, 10/28/24, 8:31 PM 2024 Newest |NU 545 Unit 1|2024-2025 UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUT…
The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the
cell and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct
energy of ATP to move these cations. The
transporter protein is the enzyme adenosine
triphosphatase (ATPase). Approximately 60% to 70%
of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain
the Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind
to sodium- binding sites on the carrier's interface. 2,
Understand the
at the same time, an energy- containing adenosine
transportation of
triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's
potassium and sodium
mitochondria bind to the carrier. The ATP
across plasma
disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the
membranes
carrier. 3 and 4, the carrier then changes shape,
releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the
cell, and attracts two potassium ions to its
potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then returns to
its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and the
remnant of the ATP molecule to the inside of the
cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping
cycle (p.31)
requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's
expenditure of metabolic energy. Unlike passive
What is active transport? transport, active transport occurs across only living
membranes that have to drive the flow "uphill" by
coupling it to an energy source (p. 28)
Growth factor, also called cytokines, stimulate an
increase in cell mass or cell growth by promoting
the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules
and inhibiting their degradation (p. 38)
Cytokines constitute a large family of small-
What are cytokines? molecular-weight soluble intracellular-signaling
molecules that are secreted, bind to a specific cell
membrane receptors, and regulate innate or
adaptive immunity; either proinflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Majority of important cytokines are
classified as interleukins or interferons (p. 201)
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