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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 3 ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 3 ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY UNIT 31. metallic atomic solids:
- weaker than covalent bonds, but can be in the low endof covalent bonding
- lattice points occupied by metal atoms
- held together with metallic bonds
- soft to hard, low to high melting points
- good conductors of heat and electricity
2. molecular crystals:
- lattice points occupied by molecules
- held together by IMFs
- soft, low melting point (lowest)
- poor conductor of heat and electricity
3. network solids:
- diamond/graphite
- silicon dioxide/nitride
- boron nitride
4. pressure equation: P=force/area
5. barometer: measures air pressure
6. Boyle's Law: P1V1=P2V2
7. Charles' Law: V1/T1=V2/T2
8. Gay-Lussac's Law: P1/T1=P2/T2
9. Combined Gas Law: P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
10. Avogadro's Law: V1/n1=V2/n2
11. Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT
12. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: the total pressure of a mixture of gases isequal to the
sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture
, 13. mole fraction: ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixtureto the total
number of moles in the mixture (does not change with temp)
14. kinetic molecular theory of gases: a model used to explain the behavior of(ideal) gases
- volume of individual particles is negligible because particles are so small
- particles are in constant motion (cause pressure)
- gas molecules do not exert attractive or repulsive forces on each other
15. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: shows the spread of energies that moleculesof gas or
liquid have at a particular temperature
16. diffusion: the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration
17. effusion: a process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening into achamber
18. Graham's law of effusion: - states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inverselyproportional
to the square root of its molar mass
19. Henry's Law: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partialpressure
of that gas on the surface of the liquid
20. solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
21. solute: the substance that is dissolved; present in smaller amounts
22. intermolecular forces: forces of attraction between molecules (not chemicalbonds)
23. van der Waals forces: intermolecular forces of attraction
24. dipole-dipole interactions: - molecules have permanent dipoles attracted to oneanother
- positive end of one attached to negative end of the other
- these forces matter when molecules are close to each other
- more polar -> higher boiling point
25. permanent dipole: permanent separation of electrical charge in a molecule dueto unequal
distributions of bonding and/or lone pairs of electrons
26. hydrogen bonding: - H is bonded to N,O, or F
- bonding caused by high electronegativity and small size of N, O, and F
27. London dispersion forces: - attractions between an instantaneous dipole andan induced
dipole
- present in all covalent molecules, weakest bond
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