SPCE 611 Exam 1 with Complete
Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Description - ANSWER-The level of investigation that involves the collection of facts
about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible
relations with other known facts, and often suggests hypotheses or questions for
additional research. P. 3
Prediction - ANSWER-The level of investigation that demonstrates correlation between
events and is based on repeated observations. P. 3
Control - ANSWER-The level of investigation in which functional relations can be
derived. P. 4
Overall Goal of Science - ANSWER-To achieve a thorough understanding of the
phenomenon under study. P. 3
Functional Relation - ANSWER-Specific change in the dependent variable can reliably
be produced by specific manipulations in the independent variable, and the change in
the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of confounding variables. P. 4
Determinism - ANSWER-This is the assumption upon which science is predicated, the
idea that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the
result of other events. P. 5
Empiricism - ANSWER-The practice of objective observation of the phenomena of
interest; objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes,
and private opinions of the scientist... Results of empirical methods are objective in that
they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the
individual scientist" P. 5
Experiment - ANSWER-A carefully conducted comparison of some measure of the
phenomenon of interest (the dependent variable) under two or more different conditions
in which only one factor at a time (the independent variable) differs from one condition
to another. P. 6
Experimental analysis of behavior - ANSWER-This is the branch of behavior analysis
that focuses on basic research. P.11
Replication - ANSWER-The repeating of experiments to determine the reliability and
usefulness of findings. Includes the repetition of independent variable conditions within
experiments. Method for which mistakes are discovered
P. 6
, Parsimony - ANSWER-This is the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled
out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are
considered. P.6
Philosophic Doubt - ANSWER-Requires the scientist to continually question the
truthfulness of what is regarded as fact. P. 6
Science - ANSWER-A systematic approach to the understanding of natural
phenomena--as evidenced by description, prediction, and control---that relies on
determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its prime directive,
experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its necessary requirement for
believably, parsimony as its conservative value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding
conscience.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-The philosophy of a science of behavior. P. 7
Three-term contingency - ANSWER-The S-R-S model of psychology. P. 10
Operant Behavior - ANSWER-Behaviors is shaped through the consequence that
immediately follow it. P. 10
B. F. Skinner - ANSWER-This person is considered to be the founder of experimental
analysis of behavior.
Hypothetical Constructs - ANSWER-A presumed but unobserved process or entity. P.
10
The environment - ANSWER-The controlling variables of primary importance in applied
behavior analysis are located in
Respondent and operant behavior - ANSWER-Two functionally distinct types of
behavior important to behavior analysis include
Temporal Locus - ANSWER-Is considered a property of behavior amenable to
measurement
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) - ANSWER-A natural science approach to the
study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B. F. Skinner;
methodological features include rate of response as a basic dependent variable,
repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response classes, within-
subject experimental comparisons instead of group design, visual analysis of graphed
data instead of statistical inference, and an emphasis on describing functional relations
between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory
testing. P. 11
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