lOMoARcPSD|41562175
NSG 532 Exam 2 with complete solutions 2024
What kare kthe k3 kfunctional kanatomical kelements kof kthe kendocrine ksystem? k-
kANSWER✓✓-Primary kEndocrine kGlands
Accessory kEndocrinocytes kall kover kthe kbody ksystems
Hormones
What kis kthe kfunction kof kthe kendocrine ksystem? k- kANSWER✓✓-Control kfunctions kof kother
ksystems kin kthe kbody kto kmaintain kphysiologic khomeostasis
How kis kthe kendocrine ksystem kcontrolled? k- kANSWER✓✓-By knerve kimpulses,
kneurotransmitters, kand kthe khormones kproduced kby kitself
Describe kthe koverall ksteps kof kendocrine kcommunication k- kANSWER✓✓-1. kStarts
kw/stimulation k-- kusually ka kchange kin kinternal/external kenvironment
2. kEndocrine kcells kproduce khormones
3. kThe ksignal k(hormone) ktravels kthrough kblood kcirculation
4. kThe khormone kreaches ka ktarget kcell kw/receptors kfor kthe khormone k
5. kLigand kbinds kto kreceptor
6. kCreates ka ksignal ktransduction
7. kSignal ktransduction kleads kto ka kphysiologic kresponse
What kcan kendocrine kcells kbe kstimulated kby? k- kANSWER✓✓-Homeostatic kchanges kin
kbiomolecules kand kminerals kin kthe kplasma k(Na, kK, kCa, kGLU, ketc)
By kother khormones k(example khypothalamic khormones kand kpituitary khormones
By knerve kimpulses kand kneurotransmitters
By kimmune kresponses k---pro/anti kinflammatory kcytokines
What kis kthe kdifference kbetween kEndocrine kand kExocrine kglands? k- kANSWER✓✓-
Endocrine k--closed--release khormones kinto kthe kbloodstream
Exocrine--open--release khormones kdirectly konto kbody ksurfaces/cavities
What kare kthe kmain kendocrine kglands?
What kis ka kdefining kfeature kof kall kthese kglands? k- kANSWER✓✓-Hypothalamus
Pituitary kGland
Pineal kGland k
They kare kneuroendocrine kglands k--contain kboth kendocrine kand knervous ktissues
, lOMoARcPSD|41562175
What kare kthe ksecondary kendocrine kglands? kWhy kare kthey kcalled ksecondary? k-
kANSWER✓✓-Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These kglands kare kcontrolled kby kthe kmain kglands. kThey kproduce kthe kterminal khormones
What kis kan kexample kof ka kmixed kgland? k- kANSWER✓✓-Pancreas
Has kboth kexocrine kand kendocrine kfunctions
Describe kneuroendocrine kcells k- kANSWER✓✓-Relay kinformation kbetween kthe kendocrine
ksystem kand kthe knervous ksystem
Receive kNeuronal kInput kfrom kthe kANS kand krelease khormones kinto kblood
Major kcenter kof kneuroendocrine kintegration kis kthe khypothalamus kand kthe kpituitary kgland
Example kis kthe kneuroendocrine kglands kof kthe kadrenal kmedulla
What kare kthe kthree kclasses kof khormones? k- kANSWER✓✓-Peptide/Protein kHormones
Amine kHormones
Steroid kHormones
Describe kthe kprocess kof kbiosynthesis kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-A
kstimulus kinteracts kwith ka khormonal kgene
The khormonal kgene ktranscribes kan kmRNA
The kmRNA kis ktranslated kin kribosomes kto kform ka kPre-Prohormone
The kPre-Prohormone kundergoes kpost-translational kmodifications kin kthe kRER kto kbecome
ka kPro-Hormone
The kPro-Hormone kundergoes kpost-translational kmodifications kin kthe kGolgi kto kbecome kan
kActive kHormone
Active khormones kare ktaken kby ksecretory kvesicles kand ktransported kto kthe kcell kmembrane
They kare kexocytosed kinto kthe kbloodstream kto kreach ktheir ktargets
, lOMoARcPSD|41562175
Describe kcharacteristics kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Polar, khydroPHILIC,
kand klipid kINSOLUBLE
Soluble kin kplasma k-- kcan kbe ktransported kfreely kin kthe kblood
Have kG-Protein kcoupled kreceptors kthat kuse ksecond kmessenger ktransduction ksystems
Regulate kmetabolic kreactions/gene kexpression kand kregulation
Give kexamples kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Hypothalamic kHormones
Pituitary kHormones
Calcitonin k-Thyroid
PTH
Thymic kHormones
Pancreatic kHormones
Most khormones kproduced kby kendocrine kcells kin kkidneys, kstomach, kSI, kheart, kliver, kbone
kmarrow
MOST khormones kare kpeptide/protein khormones
Describe kthe kbiosynthesis kof ksteroid khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Cholesterol kenters kthe
kSMOOTH kEndoplasmic kRecticulum
Forms kthe kbackbone kof kthe khormone, ktransferred kto kGolgi kfor kprocessing
Steroid khormone kfrom kGolgi kbody kis kpackaged kinto ksecretory kvesicles kand kexocytosed
kinto kblood kplasma k
In kplasma, kmust khave ka kbonding kprotein kfor ktransport ksince kit kis klipophillic
Describe kcharacteristics kof ksteroid khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Synthesized kfrom
kcholesterol
Non-Polar, klipophillic
Require kblood kcarrier kproteins kfor ktransport
Cytoplasmic kand/or knuclear kreceptors
Change kgene kexpression kregulation kdirectly
2 kclasses k-- kcorticosteroids kand ksex ksteroids
What kare kexamples kof ksteroid khormones? k- kANSWER✓✓-Corticosteroids kof kadrenal
kcortex k-- kaldosterone, kcortisol, kandrogen
Sex ksteroid khormones kof ktestis k-- ktestosterone, kDHT
Sex ksteroid kof kovaries k-- kestrogen, kprogesterone
Renal kCalcitriol
NSG 532 Exam 2 with complete solutions 2024
What kare kthe k3 kfunctional kanatomical kelements kof kthe kendocrine ksystem? k-
kANSWER✓✓-Primary kEndocrine kGlands
Accessory kEndocrinocytes kall kover kthe kbody ksystems
Hormones
What kis kthe kfunction kof kthe kendocrine ksystem? k- kANSWER✓✓-Control kfunctions kof kother
ksystems kin kthe kbody kto kmaintain kphysiologic khomeostasis
How kis kthe kendocrine ksystem kcontrolled? k- kANSWER✓✓-By knerve kimpulses,
kneurotransmitters, kand kthe khormones kproduced kby kitself
Describe kthe koverall ksteps kof kendocrine kcommunication k- kANSWER✓✓-1. kStarts
kw/stimulation k-- kusually ka kchange kin kinternal/external kenvironment
2. kEndocrine kcells kproduce khormones
3. kThe ksignal k(hormone) ktravels kthrough kblood kcirculation
4. kThe khormone kreaches ka ktarget kcell kw/receptors kfor kthe khormone k
5. kLigand kbinds kto kreceptor
6. kCreates ka ksignal ktransduction
7. kSignal ktransduction kleads kto ka kphysiologic kresponse
What kcan kendocrine kcells kbe kstimulated kby? k- kANSWER✓✓-Homeostatic kchanges kin
kbiomolecules kand kminerals kin kthe kplasma k(Na, kK, kCa, kGLU, ketc)
By kother khormones k(example khypothalamic khormones kand kpituitary khormones
By knerve kimpulses kand kneurotransmitters
By kimmune kresponses k---pro/anti kinflammatory kcytokines
What kis kthe kdifference kbetween kEndocrine kand kExocrine kglands? k- kANSWER✓✓-
Endocrine k--closed--release khormones kinto kthe kbloodstream
Exocrine--open--release khormones kdirectly konto kbody ksurfaces/cavities
What kare kthe kmain kendocrine kglands?
What kis ka kdefining kfeature kof kall kthese kglands? k- kANSWER✓✓-Hypothalamus
Pituitary kGland
Pineal kGland k
They kare kneuroendocrine kglands k--contain kboth kendocrine kand knervous ktissues
, lOMoARcPSD|41562175
What kare kthe ksecondary kendocrine kglands? kWhy kare kthey kcalled ksecondary? k-
kANSWER✓✓-Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These kglands kare kcontrolled kby kthe kmain kglands. kThey kproduce kthe kterminal khormones
What kis kan kexample kof ka kmixed kgland? k- kANSWER✓✓-Pancreas
Has kboth kexocrine kand kendocrine kfunctions
Describe kneuroendocrine kcells k- kANSWER✓✓-Relay kinformation kbetween kthe kendocrine
ksystem kand kthe knervous ksystem
Receive kNeuronal kInput kfrom kthe kANS kand krelease khormones kinto kblood
Major kcenter kof kneuroendocrine kintegration kis kthe khypothalamus kand kthe kpituitary kgland
Example kis kthe kneuroendocrine kglands kof kthe kadrenal kmedulla
What kare kthe kthree kclasses kof khormones? k- kANSWER✓✓-Peptide/Protein kHormones
Amine kHormones
Steroid kHormones
Describe kthe kprocess kof kbiosynthesis kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-A
kstimulus kinteracts kwith ka khormonal kgene
The khormonal kgene ktranscribes kan kmRNA
The kmRNA kis ktranslated kin kribosomes kto kform ka kPre-Prohormone
The kPre-Prohormone kundergoes kpost-translational kmodifications kin kthe kRER kto kbecome
ka kPro-Hormone
The kPro-Hormone kundergoes kpost-translational kmodifications kin kthe kGolgi kto kbecome kan
kActive kHormone
Active khormones kare ktaken kby ksecretory kvesicles kand ktransported kto kthe kcell kmembrane
They kare kexocytosed kinto kthe kbloodstream kto kreach ktheir ktargets
, lOMoARcPSD|41562175
Describe kcharacteristics kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Polar, khydroPHILIC,
kand klipid kINSOLUBLE
Soluble kin kplasma k-- kcan kbe ktransported kfreely kin kthe kblood
Have kG-Protein kcoupled kreceptors kthat kuse ksecond kmessenger ktransduction ksystems
Regulate kmetabolic kreactions/gene kexpression kand kregulation
Give kexamples kof kpeptide/protein khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Hypothalamic kHormones
Pituitary kHormones
Calcitonin k-Thyroid
PTH
Thymic kHormones
Pancreatic kHormones
Most khormones kproduced kby kendocrine kcells kin kkidneys, kstomach, kSI, kheart, kliver, kbone
kmarrow
MOST khormones kare kpeptide/protein khormones
Describe kthe kbiosynthesis kof ksteroid khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Cholesterol kenters kthe
kSMOOTH kEndoplasmic kRecticulum
Forms kthe kbackbone kof kthe khormone, ktransferred kto kGolgi kfor kprocessing
Steroid khormone kfrom kGolgi kbody kis kpackaged kinto ksecretory kvesicles kand kexocytosed
kinto kblood kplasma k
In kplasma, kmust khave ka kbonding kprotein kfor ktransport ksince kit kis klipophillic
Describe kcharacteristics kof ksteroid khormones k- kANSWER✓✓-Synthesized kfrom
kcholesterol
Non-Polar, klipophillic
Require kblood kcarrier kproteins kfor ktransport
Cytoplasmic kand/or knuclear kreceptors
Change kgene kexpression kregulation kdirectly
2 kclasses k-- kcorticosteroids kand ksex ksteroids
What kare kexamples kof ksteroid khormones? k- kANSWER✓✓-Corticosteroids kof kadrenal
kcortex k-- kaldosterone, kcortisol, kandrogen
Sex ksteroid khormones kof ktestis k-- ktestosterone, kDHT
Sex ksteroid kof kovaries k-- kestrogen, kprogesterone
Renal kCalcitriol
