Summary

Summary Bio 1200 Study Guide

0 purchase

Course
Bio 11/12

Institution
Kingsborough Community College

This is a comprehensive and detailed summary that contains key notes and practice questions with answers on;Endocrine system, digestive system,etc *Essential and valuable study resource!! *All for YOU!!

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 65 pages

View example

Uploaded on October 29, 2024
Number of pages 65
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

bio 1200
fall
summer
winter
spring
class notes
human
anatomy
physiology
manhattan beach
brooklyn
new york
endocrine
digestive
lecture notes

anyiamgeorge19 Member since 1 year 37 documents sold

$14.99

Add to cart

Save

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

Endocrine System
What are the 4 principles that cells communicate with each other?
 Cells communicate with each other through (1) gap Junctions, which join single-unit smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial and other cells to each other. They let cells pass
nutrients, electrolytes, and signaling molecules directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the
cytoplasm of the NXT thru pores in their plasma membrane.
 (2) Neurotransmitters help cells communicate with ea. other by letting go neurons, the
neurons spread across a narrow synaptic cleft, & bind to receptors on the surface of the
next cells.
 (3) Paracrine are sometime called local hormones, they are secreted by one cell and
spread to other cells close by in the same tissue, & stimulate their physiology.
 (4) Hormones are chemical messengers that secrete cells into the blood stream.
Vocab:
1. Endocrine sys: compromised by glands, tissues, & cells that secrete hormones
2. Endocrinology: study of the treatment / diagnosis of its disorder
What are the differences b/w the endocrine and exocrine glands?
1) Exocrine Glands
a) Secrete their products thru DUCTS onto an epithelial surface like the skin or the mucosa
of the digestive tract.
b) they have EXTRACELLULAR EFFECTS such as digestion of food
2) Endocrine Glands
a) DUCTLESS release their secretion into the BLOODSTREAM
b) INTRACELLULAR EFFECTS- change cell metabolism
What are the differences b/w nervous and endocrine system?

What are the functions of hormones?

,  Hormones help regulate the chemical structure/ volume of its internal environment
(interstitial fluid), metabolism and energy balance, contraction of smooth muscle and
cardiac muscle fibers.
 Glandular secretions and some immune system activities.
 Controls growth/development
 Regulate operation of reproductive systems
 Helps establish circadian (Sleep) rhythms
Why is the is the target-cell concept essential for understanding hormone function?
 Only target cells and organs respond to certain hormones that are sent thru the blood
stream b/c they have receptors that will bind to it. W/o these receptors the hormones will
not bind, and no effect will be made to the body.
What is down-regulation?
 When a hormone is present in excess the # of target- cell- receptors may decrease.
What is up-regulation?
 When a hormone is lacking the # of receptors may increase. This makes the target cell
more Sensitive.
What are the hormone receptors?
 Protein or glycoprotein molecules (on plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or nucleus)
 Act like switches turning the metabolic pathways when hormones bind to them
 Receptor- hormone interactions show specificity & saturation
 Specific receptors for ea. Hormone
 Saturated when all receptor molecules are taken by a hormone molecule

2

,Signal Amplification
 Hormones are
extremely potent
chemicals.
 One hormone
molecule can cause
the synthesis of many
enzyme molecules.
 Small stimulus=large
effects
 Circulating
concentrations are
very low (circulating
hormones go
everywhere the blood
goes)
 Circulating hormones are carried through the bloodstream to act on distant target cells.
Paracrine act on neighboring cells, and autocrine act on the same cells that produced them.

How does signal amplification work?
 Peptides and catecholamines (Epinephrine and norepinephrine; secreted by the adrenal
medulla) are hydrophilic (Water loving) & cnt penetrate a target cell
- Binds to receptors on the surface of the cell, which activates a 2nd- messenger system.
- Best known 2nd messenger system = Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- cAMP leads to the activation of enzymes
- SOMATOSTAIN inhibits(prevents) cAMP synthesis.
- 2nd messenger systems don’t stay in the cells for long. cAMP is broken down by
the enzyme phosphodiesterase, the hormonal effect is short lived

3

,

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

64257 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling

Summary

Summary Bio 1200 Study Guide

Document information

Subjects

Written for

Seller

Reviews received

Content preview