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Final Exam (Autism) Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Final Exam (Autism) Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Final Exam (Autism) Questions andAnswers Latest Update
Donald Gray Triplett - Answer-The first child ever diagnosed with autism.
Identified int he annuals of autism as "Case 1... Donald T," he is the initial subject
described in a 1943 medical article that announced the discovery of a new condition
unlike "anything reported so far," the complex neurological ailment now most often
called autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
At the time, the condition was exceedingly rare, limited to Donald and 10 other children -
cases 2-11- also cited in that first article
ASD History-Dr. Bernard Rimland - Answer-Dr. Bernard Rimland (who had a son with
autism) founded the autism society of America and the autism research institute in the
60s and 70s
This helped the medical community to understand that autism is a biological disorder of
neural development
Neuro-typical - Answer-In the world of autism, typically developing people (without
autism) are commonly referred to as neuro-typical
Definition of Autism - Answer-Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Autism are both
general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development
-Difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive
behaviors
-Include Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder,
Pervasive Developmental Disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
DOES NOT include Rett Syndrome
Additional Characteristics of ASD - Answer-Can be associated with ID, difficulties in
motor coordination and attention, physical health issues such as sleep and
gastrointestinal disturbances
Some excel in visual skills, music, math, and art
Risk/Cause of ASD - Answer-NO ONE CAUSE OF AUTISM JUST AS THERE IS NO
ONE TYPE OF AUTSIM
-Rare gene changes or mutations associated with autism (a small. number of these are
sufficient to cause autism by themselves)
,-Most cases caused by a. combination of autism risk genes and environmental factors
influencing early brain development
-In the presence of a genetic predisposition to autism, a number of environmental
stresses are linked with increased risk
--Older father
--Maternal illness during pregnancy
--Maternal immunological deficiencies
--Perinatal Stresses
--Prematurity
--Folic Acid Insufficiency
The clearest evidence of autism risk factors involves event before and during birth -
Answer-Advanced parental age at the time of conception
Maternal illness (fever) during pregancy
Maternal antibodies in blood that interfere with prenatal brain development (helps
explain sex disparity; male mice showed structural changes with antibody)
Difficulties during birth, particularly those involving periods of oxygen deprivation to the
baby's brain
Prematurity (>10 weeks) linked to weakness in brain connections that are important for
attention, communication, and processing emotions
In combination with genetic risk factors.. environmental factors APPEAR to increase risk
(not well established)
There is research to support that women can reduce the risk of their children being born
with ASD by taking prenatal vitamins containing ______________ during the months
before and after conception - Answer-Folic Acid
Plays a roll in preventing spina bifida (or neural tube defects) as well
There is _____ link between vaccines and ASD - Answer-NO LINK
Andrew Wakefield (formerly M.D.) published a study that said there was a link between
the MMR vaccine and ASD
--> HE ONLY HAD 12 PEOPLE IN HIS STUDY
--> He was stripped of his license
--> In Feb. 2009, there was an official disassociation between the MMR vaccine and
ASD
Prevalence of ASD - Answer-INCREASING PREVALENCE
,1/68 children in 2014
1/88 children in 2012
1/110 children in 2006
1/150 children in 2000
Approximately 1/42 boys and 1/189 girls
5 times more common in boys
If you have one child with ASD, 2-18% chance of having a second child with ASD
10% have co-morbid DS, Fragile X, Tuberous sclerosis, or other genetic/chromosomal
disorders
46% have average intelligence
IMPORTANT: Increases in screening mechanisms can only partially explain increased
incidence
Funding - Answer-Despite the fact that autism is the fastest-growing developmental
disability in the uS funding has not reflected this.
Prevalence vs. Private Funding:
-Leukemia: Affects 1 in 1,200/Funding: $277 million
-Pediatric AIDS: Affects 1 in 300/Funding: $394
-Juvenile Diabetes: Affects 1 in 500/ Funding: $156 million
-Autism: Affects 1 in 68/Funding: $79 million--ON THE RISE
National Institutes of Health Funds Allocation:
- In 2011, Total NIH budget: $30.5 billion
---> Of this, only $169 million went directly to autism research
---> ONLY 0.6% of total NIH funding
Costs associated with ASD - Answer-Direct Medical Costs
-High for the first 5 years of life
---> ~$35,000
-Start to decline substantially by age 8
---> ~$6,000
-And continue to decline through the end of life to around $1,000
$21,000 per year more than a child without ASD
, Average medical expenses: $4,000-6,000/year
Intense behavior intervention costs an average of 40-60k/year BUT for many, this is
now an insurance benefit
Total societal costs in 2011 were $9 million
Screening for ASD - Answer-Currently, no one medical test that can diagnose ASD
-lots of blood marker research occurring
Parents are the first to notice
-Unusual behaviors such as failing to make eye contact, not responding to his or her
name or playing with toys in repetitive ways
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening at 18 and 24 months
M-Chat: Recommended assessment for initial screening of your own child by parent
Problems with DSM IV for diagnosing Autism - Answer-Patients could be diagnosed
with 4 separate disorders: Autism, Asperger's, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, or
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
Separate dx were not consistency applied across clinics and treatment centers
Often, services were recommended based on a classification of one of those 4
disorders, with some (autism disorder) receiving more services than others (Asperger's)
DSM 5 Diagnosis of ASD - Answer-Umbrella term: a single umbrella disorder, ASD, will
improve the dx of ASD without limiting the sensitivity of the criteria or changing the
number of children dx'ed
Not missing out: over 90% of previous DSM 4 diagnoses are retained with DSM 5
criteria
Spectrum Disorder: Allows children to have INDIVIDUAL symptoms, a spectrum of
symptoms
Early Dx: Allows for earlier dx, as well as diagnosing those whose symptoms aren't
recognized until later
ASD Diagnostic Criteria - Answer-A) Social Communication/Interaction
B) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, or activities
C) Onset is early in development
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