NSG 532 Exam 2 Questions and Answers with Verified Solutions 2024 Graded A
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Course
NSG 532
Institution
NSG 532
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer Primary Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer Control functions of other systems in the body to mainta...
NSG 532 Exam 2 Questions and Answers with
Verified Solutions 2024 Graded A
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? -Correct
Answer ✔Primary Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? -Correct Answer ✔Control functions of
other systems in the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
How is the endocrine system controlled? -Correct Answer ✔By nerve impulses,
neurotransmitters, and the hormones produced by itself
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication -Correct Answer ✔1. Starts
w/stimulation -- usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? -Correct Answer ✔Homeostatic changes in
biomolecules and minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? -Correct Answer
✔Endocrine --closed--release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities
What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? -Correct Answer ✔Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
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Pineal Gland
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? -Correct
Answer ✔Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones
What is an example of a mixed gland? -Correct Answer ✔Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Describe neuroendocrine cells -Correct Answer ✔Relay information between the
endocrine system and the nervous system
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
What are the three classes of hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Peptide/Protein Hormones
Amine Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔A
stimulus interacts with a hormonal gene
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
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The Pre-Prohormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the RER to become
a Pro-Hormone
The Pro-Hormone undergoes post-translational modifications in the Golgi to become an
Active Hormone
Active hormones are taken by secretory vesicles and transported to the cell membrane
They are exocytosed into the bloodstream to reach their targets
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔Polar,
hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE
Soluble in plasma -- can be transported freely in the blood
Have G-Protein coupled receptors that use second messenger transduction systems
Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and regulation
Give examples of peptide/protein hormones -Correct Answer ✔Hypothalamic Hormones
Pituitary Hormones
Calcitonin -Thyroid
PTH
Thymic Hormones
Pancreatic Hormones
Most hormones produced by endocrine cells in kidneys, stomach, SI, heart, liver, bone
marrow
MOST hormones are peptide/protein hormones
Describe the biosynthesis of steroid hormones -Correct Answer ✔Cholesterol enters the
SMOOTH Endoplasmic Recticulum
Forms the backbone of the hormone, transferred to Golgi for processing
Steroid hormone from Golgi body is packaged into secretory vesicles and exocytosed
into blood plasma
In plasma, must have a bonding protein for transport since it is lipophillic
Describe characteristics of steroid hormones -Correct Answer ✔Synthesized from
cholesterol
Non-Polar, lipophillic
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Require blood carrier proteins for transport
Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors
Change gene expression regulation directly
2 classes -- corticosteroids and sex steroids
What are examples of steroid hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Corticosteroids of adrenal
cortex -- aldosterone, cortisol, androgen
Sex steroid hormones of testis -- testosterone, DHT
Sex steroid of ovaries -- estrogen, progesterone
Renal Calcitriol
What are the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine derived from? -Correct
Answer ✔A single tyrosine amino acid
Made in the adrenal medulla
Addition of chemical groups differentiates them
What are the amine hormones Tetraiodothyronine and Triiodothyronine made from? -
Correct Answer ✔Hormones are derived from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine
amino acid residues
What is the amine hormone Melatonin derived from? -Correct Answer ✔Derived from
amino acid tryptophan
Hydroxylation + decarboxylation of tryptophan generates serotonin neurotransmitter
Acetylation and methylation of serotonin neurotransmitter yields production of melatonin
What are some characteristics of amine hormones? -Correct Answer ✔Synthesized
from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan
Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3/T4, and melatonin
Have properties common to both peptide (hydrophillic) and steroid hormones
(hydrophobic)
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin act on G protein coupled receptors
T3/T4 bind on nuclear membrane
NSG 532 Exam 2
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