Unconditioned stimulus - Answer-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)
Unconditioned response - Answer-a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation
in response to food)
Neutral stimulus - Answer-stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (bell ringing
does not cause salivation by itself)
Conditioned stimulus - Answer-stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly paired
with an unconditioned stimulus (bell after paired with food)
Conditioned response - Answer-the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
(salivation)
Operant Conditioning - Answer-Learning through consequences of behavior.
Stimulus Discrimination - Answer-Responding differently to similar stimuli.
Stimulus Generalization - Answer-Same response to similar stimuli.
Acquisition - Answer-Period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human
or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that
the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned stimulus
Operant Behavior - Answer-Responses that are controlled by the changes they produce
in the environment (emitted)
Contingency - Answer-Relationship where one event depends on another.
Observational Learning - Answer-Learning by watching and imitating others.
, Latent Learning - Answer-Learning not immediately reflected in behavior until there is a
reason to demonstrate it.
Bobo Doll Study - Answer-Children imitating aggressive behavior observed in adults.
Positive Reinforcement - Answer-Presentation of a stimulus following a response which
leads to an increase in future likelihood of response; add something desirable to
encourage behavior.
Negative Reinforcement - Answer-Removal of a stimulus following a response, which
then leads to an increase in future likelihood of that response; removing something
aversive to encourage behavior.
Positive Punishment - Answer-Presentation of a stimulus following a response, which
then leads to a decrease in future likelihood of that response; adding something
aversive to discourage behavior.
Negative Punishment - Answer-Removal of a stimulus following a response which then
leads to a decrease in future likelihood of that response; removing something desirable
to discourage behavior.
Problems with Punishment Contingencies - Answer-May teach fear/avoidance of the
punisher or cause increased aggression.
Shaping - Answer-A tool used in operant conditioning that reinforces successive
approximations of a target behavior in order to eventually achieve the target behavior.
Successive Approximations - Answer-Responses that resemble the desired behavior
which are reinforced during the shaping process.
Target Behavior - Answer-The specific behavior that is being aimed for in the shaping
process.
Example of Positive Reinforcement - Answer-Kid gets money every time they get a
good grade.
Example of Negative Reinforcement - Answer-Person takes a pain pill to remove pain
after surgery.
Example of Positive Punishment - Answer-Getting a lecture after doing something that
should not have been done.
Example of Negative Punishment - Answer-Paying a fine for speeding.
Extinction - Answer-Decrease in conditioned response when reinforcement stops.
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