integrating center - ️️compares conditions to set point and determines if feedback is
needed (if conditions are different than set point then efferent pathway is used to make
change)
steady state (SS) - ️️(operating point) parameter is at set point
- system isn't changing but energy is ...
EEOB 2520 Exam 1
integrating center - ✔️✔️compares conditions to set point and determines if feedback is
needed (if conditions are different than set point then efferent pathway is used to make
change)
steady state (SS) - ✔️✔️(operating point) parameter is at set point
- system isn't changing but energy is used to run HCS and maintain SS (not equal to
equilibrium, which doesn't need energy to maintain the state)
- energy (ATP) is limited and is needed to maintain state -- trade-offs are needed in
order to acquire the needed amount of energy
- requires balancing of imputs and outputs
nonfibrous components - ✔️✔️carbohydrate (sugar) dominant; branching components
that serve as adhesion/recognition molecules between cells (links in the communication
between extracellular messenger and cell)
epithelial cell - ✔️✔️- regulates interactions with environment (selective
secretion/absorption of ions/organic molecules)
- protection of body
- form boundaries between compartments and are selective barriers for regulating
molecule exchange
ATP and ADP - ✔️✔️ATP <--> ADP + Pi + E
ATP synthesis - ✔️✔️glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi --> ATP + H2O + CO2 + heat
CO2 Hydrolysis - ✔️✔️CO2 + H2O <--> HCO3- + H+
undifferentiated - ✔️✔️unspecialized cells
differentiated - ✔️✔️specialized cells
differentiation - ✔️✔️the process of turning unspecialized cells into specialized ones
4 major categories of cells: - ✔️✔️- muscle
- nerve
- epithelial
- connective
muscle cell - ✔️✔️generate mechanical force
, skeletal, smooth and cardiac
nerve cell - ✔️✔️initiate and conduct electrical signals to signal other nerve cells or
"run" other body parts
connective cell - ✔️✔️connect, anchor and support other cells ("helps" other 3 groups)
-- provides energy, nutrients, stability, etc. (blood, bone, fat/adipose)
tissue - ✔️✔️grouping of similarly specialized cells
organ - ✔️✔️combination of tissues (different variations/proportions of the 4 tissue
groups and how they're placed in the organ)
functional unit - ✔️✔️smallest part of organ that still does the job (such as nephron for
kidney)
- many in a group -- more effective
- heart is its own
- redundancy of them allows for organ to work even if some are lost/damaged
- expansion -- addition of more of them without stopping to increase efficiency of organ
organ system - ✔️✔️organs with common function that work together on a certain task
- can contain other organ systems (immune contains circulatory because of WBC)
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