Advanced
2024 Pathophysiology NR
507 Final Exam || With
Complete Solutions
(100% Accurate)
Conceptial Research ||
conceptialresearch@gmail.com
, Advanced Pathophysiology NR 507
Final Exam || With Complete Solutions
(100% Accurate)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANSWER - SECRETORY CELL TYPE:
Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - ANSWER - Milk production
TSH - ANSWER - Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - ANSWER - Ovulation, progesterone production (in
glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - ANSWER - Follicle maturation, estrogen
production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - ANSWER - Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic,
from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - ANSWER - Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water
intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - ANSWER - Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of
Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which
leads to increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more
concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and
hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - ANSWER -
High levels of ADH - ANSWER - Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing
vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - ANSWER - osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water
is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality
(280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased
water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through
trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
, ADH secretion decreased with: - ANSWER - Decrease in plasma osmolality,
increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone,
angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - ANSWER - Increase BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - ANSWER - Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in
lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking
and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to
myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER - ACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - ANSWER - Chromophobes,
and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of
the adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - ANSWER -
Fat Soluble Hormones - ANSWER - Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - ANSWER - Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - ANSWER - TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH,
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER - Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three
regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major
component of Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - ANSWER - Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain,
consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process
(pars nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve
endings of axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
ANSWER - Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - ANSWER - contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic
and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - ANSWER - ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - ANSWER - Major homeostatic function of posterior
pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
