What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? - answer✔Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete (7-11)
Formal (11+)
What are the muscles involved in inspiration? - answer✔Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out
Serrates posterior superior: elevates rib cage
Levator costarium brevis: elevates rib cage
Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage
What are the muscles involved in expiration? - answer✔Internal intercostal muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Rectum abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique abdominal
Quadrates lumborum
What structures are involved in respiration? - answer✔Lungs
Bronchi
Trachea
Spinal column
Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process
Rib cage
What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? - answer✔It's a theory of phonation. VF closure ->
build up of sub glottal air pressure -> pressure blows the folds apart -> folds vibrate -> air moves
through glottal opening, decreasing pressure -> folds sucked back together.
What are the laryngeal cartilages? - answer✔Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoids
Corniculates
Discuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds. - answer✔Vocal folds:
They have three layers
Epithelium: the outer cover.
Lamina propia: the middle.
Vocalis muscle: the body
Aryepiglottic folds:
They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway.
Ventricular folds:
Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies.
What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation? - answer✔internal thyroarytenoid: it's the
primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds.
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? - answer✔All innervated by CN 12
Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward
Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back
Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue
Chondroglossus: depresses tongue
Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum
What are the muscles of the pharynx? - answer✔salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall
stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx
superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward
middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx
inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx
What are the muscles of the soft palate? - answer✔levator veli palatini: elevates velum
tensor veli palatini: tenses velum
palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum
palatopharyngeus: lowers velum
What are the structures of the hard palate? - answer✔Pre maxilla
Palatine process
What are the muscles of the mandible? - answer✔Elevators:
Masseter
Temporalis
Pterygoid
Depressors:
Digastric
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