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HIUS 222 Midterm Study Questions and Answers
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HIUS 222 Midterm Study Questions and Answers
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HIUS 222 Midterm Study Questions and Answers"Radical Reconstruction" and the Work of Congress, 1866-1870 - ANSWER-The 14th
Amendment: Passed by Congress in 1866, it declared that all persons born or
naturalized in the United States were citizens of the United States and of the state of
their residence.
Born in the U.S. you are a citizen; you have rights, no one can deny you of Life Liberty
and property unless of due process
Andrew Johnson - ANSWER-Democrat from Tennessee who remained loyal to the
Union during the Civil War
Selected to run with the Republican Abraham Lincoln on a unity ticket (separate political
parties that run together on the same ballot) in 1864
Inherited post-war, Reconstruction concerns following Lincoln's assassinations
His belief in white supremacy and his personal racism conflicted with mainstream and
Radical Republican thought
Encouraged the South to believe that it could escape the consequences of the Civil War
Made the task of Reconstruction divisive and bitter
May 1865, articulated a mild "Restoration" policy that provided swift amnesty for most
white Southerners
Called for ratification of the 13th Amendment and repudiation of ordinances of
secession
Ignored black suffrage and opposed renewal of the Freedmen's Bureau
Areas of Congressional Concern - ANSWER-Southern legislatures resisted the 13th
Amendment, which abolished slavery
Black codes- Laws passed by Southern legislatures that limited the civil and economic
rights of former slaves. Many of these codes sought the return of slavery in all but
name.
Southern legislatures refused to consider suffrage for black males
Wave of violence in the South against blacks
The election of Alexander Stephens to the U.S. Senate in the fall of 1865. Vice
President of the Confederacy, 1861-1865
Challenges to Reconstruction - ANSWER-Racial violence
Many Southern whites pursued a counterevolution
KKK: Formed in 1866. A secret vigilante group determined to use violence, including
murder of blacks and their white allies, to restore white supremacy
Membership included many prominent white Southerners
Paraded on horseback at night and dressed in outlandish costumes, including masks (in
order to hide their identities and avoid prosecution for their actions)
"Lost cause" Myth
As early as 1866, with the publication of Edward Pollards Lost Cause, there was a
deliberate Southern effort to construct a public memory of the antebellum South as
chivalrous and ideal
Epitomized "Lost Cause" view of the postwar South
, Portrayed Reconstruction as a corrupt outrage perpetuated on a prostrate South by a
vicious and vindictive group of Northern Republican radicals
Insisted "Bayonet rule", characterized these Republican regimes, as did the coming of
unscrupulous carpetbaggers from the North, who sought profit from the misery of the
South
Ignorant, illiterate blacks were thrust into positions of power for which they were entirely
unfit
Concluded the legacy Reconstruction was one of corruption, ruinous, taxation, and
astronomical increases in public debt
Context for Reconstruction - ANSWER-- Between 1861 and 1865, the U.S. was in a
bloody civil war
- The Civil War began after the Southern states seceded from the Union following the
election of the Republican Abraham Lincoln, to the presidency of 1860
- They seceded because they wanted to preserve the institution of slavery and felt that
Lincoln's anti-slavery position of resisting the institution's spread westward into new
states, threated it's existence.
- Slavery was the main issue that pushed state after state into succession it also was
the main reason why the Civil War happened
Freedman's Bureau - ANSWER-Agency founded in March 1865
Assisted former slaves and their families
Taught reading and writing
Legal advocates
Gettysburg Address - ANSWER-- Offered an early explanation of the war in Nov 1863
- Argued that the U.S. was an idea grounded in the "proposition that all men are created
equal"
- The contradictions of that creed nearly killed the idea, new birth of freedom
- The was was about a "rebirth of freedom"
- As early as 1863, he established a plan for reconstruction that involved a certain
percentage of a state's population taking loyalty oaths.
- April 1865 President Lincoln was shot and killed
Gilded Age Issues - ANSWER-
Grant and Enforcement - ANSWER-A. Department of Justice was established in 1870
Created to enforce the 15th Amendment
Increased the Attorney General's responsibilities to include the supervision of all United
States Attorneys and the prosecution of all federal crimes
Signed five enforcement acts between 1870 and 1872 that- in an attempt to prevent
state officials from discriminating against voters based on race- empowered the
President to bring cases of conspiracy, fraud, bribery, and intimidation to federal court
Successfully pushed for the passage of the KKK of 1871, which gave the president
power to suppress state disorders through military force and to suspend habeas corpus.
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