,1. Multiple Choice: Which hormone is primarily involved in
the regulation of serum calcium levels?
a) Insulin
b) Thyroxine
c) Parathyroid hormone
d) Cortisol
Correct Answer: c) Parathyroid hormone
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels
in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are
too low.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the process by which a
white blood cell engulfs and digests pathogens.
Correct Answer: Phagocytosis
Rationale: Phagocytosis is the mechanism by which cells,
particularly white blood cells, ingest and eliminate
pathogens and debris.
3. True/False: The release of renin by the kidneys directly
leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale: Renin release leads to the production of
angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure.
, Correct Answers: a), b), c), d), e)
Rationale: All listed factors are known to contribute to the
development of hypertension.
5. Multiple Choice: In the context of diabetes mellitus, what
does HbA1c measure?
a) Blood glucose levels at a single point in time
b) Average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months
c) Insulin levels
d) Ketone levels
Correct Answer: b) Average blood glucose levels over
the past 2-3 months
Rationale: HbA1c provides an average of blood glucose
levels over the lifespan of red blood cells, reflecting long-
term glucose control.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ is the functional unit of
the kidney responsible for urine formation.
Correct Answer: Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the microscopic structure in the
kidneys that performs the process of filtering and purifying
the blood to form urine.
7. True/False: Osmosis is the movement of solutes across a
membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area
of higher concentration.
Correct Answer: False
Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of water, not
solutes, across a membrane from an area of lower solute
concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
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