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PSY-255 Exam 1with complete verified solutions already graded A+
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PSY-255: Exam 1withcomplete verified solutions
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What is personality? - answer consistent behavior patterns and
intrapersonal processes originating within the individual
Discuss the six approaches to personality and the theorists associated
with them. - answer 1. The psychoanalytic approach (and the neo-
psychoanalytic approach): Sigmund Freud; people's unconscious minds are
largely responsible for important differences in their behavior styles.
2. The trait approach: Gordon Allports; identify where a person might lie
along a continuum of various personality characteristics.
3. The biological approach: Charles Darwin; point to inherited
predispositions and physiological processes to explain individual
differences in personality.
4. The humanistic approach: Carl Rogers; identify personal responsibility
and feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of differences in
personality.
5. The behavioral/ social learning approach: John B. Watson; explains the
consistent behavior patterns in terms of conditioning and expectations.
6. The cognitive approach: Ulric Neisser; look at differences in the way
people process information.
Briefly trace the history of psychology; your answer should include Wundt,
Titchener, James, structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology -
answer Wilhelm Wundt was the "father of psychology", being the first
ever psychologists to create and practice in the worlds first experimental
psychology lab established in Germany. Analyzing the workings of the
mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective
measurement and control. Edward B. Titchener studied under Wundt,
creating his version of psychology that described the structure of the
mind: structuralism (sought to analyze the adult mind experience from
birth to adult life). William James founded functionalism which was the
broad school of thought, considering the mental life & behavior in terms
of active adaptation to the person's environment. Gestalt psychology
, created by Wertheimer, looked at the human mind and behavior as a
whole.
Contrast individualistic and collectivist cultures. - answer Individualistic
cultures place great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments;
independent.
Collective cultures are concerned about belonging to a larger group
(family, tribe, nation); co-dependent/cooperation.
Discuss the following controversies: a) nature-nurture, b) awareness of
determinants, and c) free will-determinism. - answer a) Nature is your
genes. The physical and personality traits determined by your genes stay
the same irrespective of where you were born and raised. Nurture refers
to your childhood, or how you were brought up.
b)
c) The determinist approach proposes that all behavior has a cause and is
thus predictable. Free will is an illusion, and our behavior is governed by
internal or external forces over which we have no control.
Distinguish internal from external validity. - answer Internal validity: the
extent to which the experiment is free from errors and any difference in
measurement is due to the independent variable and nothing else; there is
a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
External validity: refers to the extent to which the results of a study can
be generalized to other settings within each other
Discuss the correlation coefficient and why it is difficult to draw causal
conclusions from a correlation. - answer The correlation coefficient is the
appropriate statistical test when we want to understand the relationship
between two measures. After conducting the appropriate statistical test,
we can reduce the data from our study to a single number. This number
can range from 1.00 (positive correlation) to −1.00 (negative correlation).
Distinguish manipulated from non-manipulated independent variables. -
answer Manipulated independent variables: a large number of
participants and randomly assigns them to experimental groups.
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