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ATSC 113- final review FLYING Test questions and answers
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ATSC 113- final review FLYING Test questions and answers
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ATSC 113- final reviewFLYING Test questions and
answers
VFR
Visual Flight Rules
meaning that you can fly by mostly looking out the window. need good
visibility and stay out of clouds
VMC or VFC
Visual meterological conditions or visual flight conditions, name given to
weather that is good enough for you to fly VFR
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conditions to fly VFR Canada and USA
horizontal visibility of 3 statute miles or more and ceiling of 1000 feet
above the airport
What happens to pilots with only VFR skills when they accidentally fly into
cloud, fog or other obscuration that reduces visibility?
,the pilot loses control of the aircraft; pilots also lose track of where they
are, might accidentally fly into mountains, or wrong direction or into
dangerous weather, requiring emergency landings; psychology is also a
factor, they can panic, become irrational and forget their emergency
training
MVFR
Marginal VFR
Conditions for which VFR is allowed, but for which visibility is poor and/or
cloud-base is low
IFR
Instrument flight rules
you can conduct most of the flight by NOT looking out the window. Instead
you: navigate using onboard GPS map displays and other navigation
signals; control the aircraft by looking at the instruments on the control
panel; get to airports by following instructions and clearances given by air
traffic controllers (ATC) who keep track of the flight and make sure you
arrive at your destination without hitting anything, required to file a flight
plan before you start so ATC knows where you are going.
must stay out of thunderstorms, volcanic ash, supercooled clouds and
raindrops
to fly IFR you need to be...
specifically trained to believe the instruments and ignore your normal
physiological stimuli like inner ear signals (that could cause vertigo) and
"seat of the pants" feelings of pressure or G-forces on your body; have an
aircraft with the proper instruments and radio; have the proper charts.
IFC or IMC
instrumental flight conditions or instrumental meterological conditions
bad weather i.e. weather for which VFR flight is not allowed
VFR over the top
when there is a layer of clouds below you, so you cannot see the ground to
help you navigate. But above the clouds is clear and easy to control
ceiling and visibility IFR
ceiling is less than 1000 ft AGL
visibility less than 3 statute miles
ceiling and visibility MVFR
ceiling is between 1000 ft and 3000 ft AGL
visibility is between 3 and 5 statute miles
ceiling and visibility VFR
,ceiling is more than 3000 ft AGL
visibility is more than 5 statute miles
sky cover or cloud cover or cloud amount
the fraction of the sky (celestial dome) covered by cloud
measured in eights (oktas)
METARs
Meteorological Aviation Reports
Pilots use METARs to learn the current observed weather at their
departure airport, destination airport and other airports near the flight
track. METARs are text that are coded using acronyms, abbreviations and
special formats. Can be accessed by computer or mobile phone or can get
it during flight using the radio. Reported every hour, routinely. METARs tell
only current weather not future weather
ceiling
For aviation, the altitude of the cloud base for the lowest cloud with
coverage >5 oktas (i.e. lowest broken or overcast clouds)
How are ceilings measured?
traditional ceilometers
laser ceilometers
ceiling balloons
Pilot reports
weather-observer estimates
what is the primary considerations for if a flight can be VFR?
ceiling and visibility
if you hear the word visibiltiy without any adjectives in front...
assume it is horizontal visibility
Atmospheric Stability
refers to whether the air will become or stay turbulent (unstable static
stability) or will become or stay non-turbulent (stable static stability)
laminar
another word for non turbulent which implies smooth flow
turbulence
name for random gusty fluctuations (vertical and horizontal) of the wind
Turbulence ranges from small eddies caused by air flow around an
obstacle, through medium-size eddies associted with warm rising air in
"thermals", to large-scale instability associated with thunderstorms
, static stability
simplest type of stability because it depends only on the temperature
layering in the atmosphere no the wind. This stability is related to the fact
that cooler air is denser than warmer, less dense air. Such that cool layer
of air is under the warmer layer.
non-turbulent
statically unstable
If the warm air is under the cooler denser air, then the atmospheric
structure is "unhappy". The cooler air sinks and warmer air rises. In this
situation the atmospheric structure is statically unstable. Turbulent.
Adiabatic lapse rate
When air rises in the atmosphere, it moves into regions of lower pressure,
which allows the air to expand and get cooler. Similarly, when air sinks it
is compressed in the higher pressure and becomes warmer.this
temperature change for vertically moving blobs of air (air parcels) is called
the adiabatic lapse rate, and has a value of 9.8.
Reading static stability tool
If S is positive then the air layer is statically stable and the air becomes
non-turbulent
If S is zero then the air is statically neutral
If S is negative then the air is statically unstable and the air becomes
turbulent
Unstable air always wins if your computation gives different values of S
for the same location
In statically stable conditions...
Typically forms near the ground at night under clear skies with calm-to-
light winds, when the ground temperature decreases, and the ground
cools the air that touches it
Air is usually nonturbulent if there is no wind shear
But if the air is forced over a mountain then on the downwind side it sinks
past its starting altitude and then starts to rise again and keeps
oscillating
Cold air near the ground can drain downhill and can pool in the valley
floor, where frost or fog can form in the cold air
If there is wind shear, turbulence can form along with breaking
atmospheric waves called Kelvin Helmholtz waves
In statically neutral conditions...
Typically forms in overcast conditions (day or night) when the wind is
moderate or strong
Air can be nontrubulent, but slightest wind shear can create dynamic
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