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NSG 532 Exam 2 |Questions with 100% correct answers
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NSG 532 Exam 2 |Questions with 100% correctanswers
What is the amine hormone Melatonin derived from? - ✔️✔️Derived from amino acid tryptophan
Hydroxylation + decarboxylation of tryptophan generates serotonin neurotransmitter
Acetylation and methylation of serotonin neurotransmitter yields production of melatonin
What are some characteristics of amine hormones? - ✔️✔️Synthesized from amino acids tyrosine
and tryptophan
Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3/T4, and melatonin
Have properties common to both peptide (hydrophillic) and steroid hormones (hydrophobic)
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin act on G protein coupled receptors
T3/T4 bind on nuclear membrane
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin function similar to peptide hormones
T3/T4 function similar to steroids
Describe the 3 areas of distinction between amine hormones - ✔️✔️Water solubility
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are hydrophilic
T3/T4 are hydrophobic
,Blood Transport
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin are dissolved in plasma
T3/T4 are transported by carrier proteins in the bloodstream
Cellular receptors
Epi/Norepi/Melatonin interact with GPCR
T3/T4 have cytoplasmic and intranuclear receptors
What glands do amine hormones originate from? - ✔️✔️Thyroid gland -- T3/T4
Adrenal medulla -- Norepi/Epi
Pineal gland -- Melatonin
Contrast between hormone transport of the different types of hormones - ✔️✔️Water Soluble
peptide/protein and amine hormones
Will circulate freely in the plasma
Water Insoluble steroid and amine hormones (T3/T4) will be bound to transport proteins
Plasma albumins and globulins
Describe the role of Cell Membrane receptors in regards to hormones and the three parts of
each cell membrane receptor - ✔️✔️Act in cell-cell communications by binding an extracellular,
hydrophillic ligand
Integral membrane proteins
,1. Extracellular (binding) domain - binds to the ligand
2. Transmembrane domain - transmits the signal to the cytoplasmic domain
3. Signal Transduction Domain-generates signal transduction
What are the 4 major types of Cell Membrane Receptors? - ✔️✔️Ionotropic cell membrane
receptors --- found on ion channels
Metabotropic Cell Membrane Receptors -- indirectly linked with ion channels
Guanine nucleotide binding protein coupled cell membrane receptors
Tyrosine Kinase Cell Membrane Receptors
Describe the general pathway of G Protein Coupled Receptors - ✔️✔️Alpha subunit of G Protein -
- inactive while bound
Ligand will bind to receptor -- phosphorylate alpha subunit of G Protein
Activate subunit binds and activates either adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase on the cell
membrane
Generates a signal transduction and cellular response
Describe Tyrosine Kinase receptors - ✔️✔️Cell membrane receptors activated through ligand-
induced dimerization and auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain
, Activates cytoplasmic relay proteins and results in a response --relay proteins come up to
receptor to get phosphorylated and activated
Describe the structure and function of cytoplasmic and intranuclear receptors - ✔️✔️2 functional
domains
Hormone Binding Domain
DNA Binding domain/transcription activation domain
Hormone will bind to the hormone binding domain and enter the nucleus where the DNA
binding domain will bind to the Steroid Hormone Response Element on DNA
What is signal transduction? - ✔️✔️A chain of events that follows the ligand-receptor binding
Alters the cells metabolism, gene expression, and ability to proliferate or die, morphology, etc.
Describe the steps of the adenylyl cyclase pathway for lipid insoluble hormones - ✔️✔️1.
Hormone binds to cell membrane receptor GPCR
2.Alpha unit of the G-Protein becomes phosphorylated and active
3. Alpha unit activates the cell membrane enzyme adenylyl cyclase
4.Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
5. cAMP activates protein kinases
6. Protein kinases phosphorylate inactive proteins and physiological responses follow
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