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NSG 532 – Endocrine Exam |Questions with 100% correct answers
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NSG 532 – Endocrine Exam |Questions with 100% correct answers
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NSG 532 – Endocrine Exam |Questions with 100%correct answers
steroid hormones characteristics - ✔️✔️-synthesized from cholesterol
-non-polar, hydrophobic (lipophilic)
-require blood carrier proteins for transport
-have cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors
-change gene expression regulation directly
-are groups into 2 classes, corticosteroids and sex steroids
cholesterol - ✔️✔️backbone structure of steroids
steroid hormones examples - ✔️✔️-corticosteroid hormones of adrenal cortex (aldosterone,
cortisol, androgen)
-sex steroid hormones of testis (testosterone, DHT)
-sex steroid of ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
-renal calcitriol
amine hormones characteristics - ✔️✔️-synthesized from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan
-include epinephrine, norepinephrine, tetraiodothyroxine (T4), triiodothyronin (T3), and
melatonin
-have properties common to both peptide (hydrphilic) and steroid hormones (hydrophobic)
-epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin act on G protein-coupled receptors, T4/T4 bind
on nuclear membrane
-epinephrine, norepinephrine and melatonin function like peptide hormones; T3/T4 function in
a similar manner to steroids
amine hormones examples - ✔️✔️-thyroid gland T3/T4 hormones
, -adrenal medullary norepinephrine and epinephrine
-pineal melatonin
cell membrane receptors - ✔️✔️act in cell-cell communications by binding to an extracellular,
hydrophilic ligand such as peptide & some amine hormones; are integral membrane proteins
that have at least three functional domains
extracellular domain - ✔️✔️binds to the ligand
transmembrane domain - ✔️✔️transmit the signal to cytoplasmic domain
ionotropic cell membrane receptors - ✔️✔️found on ion channels
metabotropic cell membrane receptors - ✔️✔️indirectly linked with ion-channels
signal transduction - ✔️✔️a chain of events that follows the ligand-receptor binding; it alters the
cells' metabolism, gene expression, ability to proliferate or die, morphology
cyclic AMP - ✔️✔️-it is second messenger for transduction of lipid-soluble hormones
-it is synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase located on the inner side of the CM
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-its decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by phosphodiesterase
hypothalamic releasing hormones - ✔️✔️-thyrotropin-release hormone
-corticotropin-releasing hormone
-gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-prolactin-releasing hormone
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