PRAXIS FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES (5122) FINAL
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Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself
or herself as a distinct person despite being a member of a family. - ANSWER-
Children at first identify entirely with the mores, norms, and values of their
family; it is only after prolonged exposure to other people outside the home
that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and perhaps modify his
or her belief system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a coherent
personality without renouncing membership in a family with which he or she
may have some disagreement.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. -
ANSWER-An extended family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For
instance, it might include a man and a woman, their children, and their
grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people tend the same land for their
entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the extended family.
This is in part because it is more difficult for a large group to move around
together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic societies, it is more
common for people to be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult
couple and their children)
Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a
marriage. - ANSWER-Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more
important for partners to have good self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of
permanence in the relationship, and strong personal identities. Solid marriages
weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy, and
,habit. The idea of empathy is particularly important in marriage because it
implies that each partner may not fully understand the other. Nevertheless, a
loving spouse with try to help whenever possible.
Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job
satisfaction. - ANSWER-Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as
they occupy multiple roles, but this is offset by the enjoyment they derive from
their work. Having a newborn, on the other hand, has a noticeably damaging
effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a newborn, as well as the
desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it
unpleasant to be away from home for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high
wages, and intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with job
satisfaction.
Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after
divorce. - ANSWER-Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least
two years to accept divorce entirely. Until this is reached, the divorcee should
not initiate a new relationship. The best way to complete the process of
acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include developing a
balance between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for
the future, but people should be aware that it is impossible to predict what
they will want once they have fully processed the finality of the divorce.
Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of
age. - ANSWER-In the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate
between cooperation and competition. As they grow older, they will often
spend little time together for a few years, but during adolescence will gradually
develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests that adult
relationships between siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of
the youth; that is, good relationships get better and bad relationships get
worse.
Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women. - ANSWER-
This is an exception to the general trend, which is that married people are
,healthier, wealthier, and more content than their single counterparts. Married
men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs, and less likely to become
depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report satisfaction
with their home lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is
that they are more likely to be raising children, and therefore less focused on
professional development. Despite reports about the decline of marriage, an
overwhelming majority of Americans will marry at least once during their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls. - ANSWER-The bond
between a stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes
the longest to form. One possible reason for this phenomenon is that
stepfathers tend to be less engaged with stepdaughters than with stepsons.
The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as divorce because it
involves a fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless,
stepparents who work to engage with their stepchildren can develop positive
relationships over time.
Both the content and the style of family communication are important. -
ANSWER-The members of a family should work on communicating positively.
The decisions made by families tend to reinforce the status quo in the interest
of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons both genetic and
environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same
sorts of problems in life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and
consistency, families inevitably change in response to the aging of each
member and to pressures from the environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of
family science that it is impossible to understand a family member without
understanding the family as a whole.
According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a
spouse. - ANSWER-When the criticized partner responds to criticism by
deflecting or soothing the other person, tempers are quelled and the
partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests that there is a classic
pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship. The
pattern begins with criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at
the other person as a whole. In other words, the criticism of unsuccessful
, couples tends to lean toward character assassination. Eventually, these
negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one partner openly disparages
and disrespects the other. The inevitable response to contempt is
defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of communication.
When couples stop communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.
The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found
during early adolescence. - ANSWER-The onset of puberty may occur at any
time over the span of five years, though it typically occurs earlier in females
than in males. The changes brought on by puberty are monumental and can
cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and emotional
maturity. Teachers need to be aware of these changes, particularly when
working with middle-school children. Family and consumer science teachers
may need to act as liaisons between parents and their children, as family
relationships can become strained during early adolescence.
When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their
mother's opinion, they are engaging in arbitration. - ANSWER-In arbitration,
two conflicting parties agree to rely on the advice of a supposedly impartial
third party. Sometimes, the parties will also establish guidelines for the way a
decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to settle a dispute with
arbitration, since children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against
their interest. Conciliation is a method of settling disputes in which the
conflicting parties are simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea that a
resolution will naturally occur as a result of this meeting. In mediation, the
conflicting parties decide to enlist the aid of an impartial third party as they
attempt to settle their differences. The parties in mediation do not agree to
follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree on
terms that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like
compromise. A restorative justice system is where the person who has been
wronged gets some kind of compensation from the wrongdoer. When the
parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are essentially using
restorative justice.
