Heuristic performance model - ️️Performance = motivation; energy * direction; how
energy is channelled * opportunity and resources +/- luck (some luck that you can help
shape by what you do/don't, other is pure chance)
o How motivated are they?
o Do they have the knowledge, skills, abilitie...
UGBA 105 EXAM 1
Heuristic performance model - ✔️✔️Performance = motivation; energy * direction; how
energy is channelled * opportunity and resources +/- luck (some luck that you can help
shape by what you do/don't, other is pure chance)
o How motivated are they?
o Do they have the knowledge, skills, abilities?
o How much opportunity and resources do they have?
Negative reinforcement (law of effect) - ✔️✔️Increasing behaviors by stopping or
reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that,
when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative
reinforcement is not punishment.)
Be Heuristic model: expectancy and self-efficacy - ✔️✔️· People with higher self-
efficacy:
-- set higher goals and achieve them more
-- think clearly and more analytically
-- they learn better
-- 100% present
-- less anxious
-- higher imaginability
-- emotional cues
st-Laid Incentive Plans case - ✔️✔️- negative reinforcement
- people found loopholes, ex: didn't open emails til they were ready to start a task
Schema - ✔️✔️Everything made as simple as possible, but not simpler
Mental models - ✔️✔️- They simplify reality, focus our attention on fewer things, make
it more manageable and enhance our ability to see certain things and blind us to others
- Lacking full brain power, time, and information
-- i.e., a map
Law of effect - ✔️✔️Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable
consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely
Positive reinforcement (law of effect) - ✔️✔️Increasing behaviors by presenting positive
stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a
response, strengthens the response.
, How to change behavior with the law of effect - ✔️✔️- Use positive and negative
reinforcement to achieve desired behaviors and avoid undesirable ones
- Providing reward sometimes is more effective than always
Negotiation - ✔️✔️Make it as easy as possible for the other person to give you what
you want
Basic steps of organization behavior modification - ✔️✔️· Identify the behavior to be
learned
· Measure the frequency of the behavior
· Motivational analysis
· Develop and implement plan
· Re-measure the frequency of the behavior
- The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their
efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that
they will be offered attractive rewards
Valence - ✔️✔️how positive/negative does the person experience the consequence?
Instrumentality - ✔️✔️to what extent do you believe the promised consequences will
occur if the behavior does?
Expectancy - ✔️✔️to what extent do you believe you can achieve the performance
level, behavior?
Pygmalion effect - ✔️✔️- Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance
- I.e., kids who are told they are smart and spend one hour a week in a talented and
gifted program end up performing even better in school
- Related ideas: stereotype threat
Stereotype threat - ✔️✔️Unconscious trigger that makes you see yourself as X group
member and behave in line with the stereotype associated with X group
Imaginability - ✔️✔️if its easier to imagine success or failure, self-efficacy increases or
decrease:
-- visualization
-- writing stories of success or failure
-- past performance
-- persuasive comments from others
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