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PSIO 303 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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PSIO 303 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Why would cells have a tendency to swell? - ANSWER-Because cytoplasm contains negatively charged proteins that cannot exit, so cells naturally gain water and swell What prevents cells from actually swelling? - ANSWER-It is effectively impossible for sodium ...

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  • October 30, 2024
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PSIO 303 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS


Why would cells have a tendency to swell? - ANSWER✔✔-Because cytoplasm contains negatively

charged proteins that cannot exit, so cells naturally gain water and swell


What prevents cells from actually swelling? - ANSWER✔✔-It is effectively impossible for sodium to enter

the cell (due to pump and lack of sodium channels). There is a high sodium ion concentration outside the

cell which prevents water from entering in the cell


What happens when Na+ homeostasis fails? - ANSWER✔✔-Cells gain water and swell


What is paracrine signaling? - ANSWER✔✔-When the hormone released from a cell acts on a

neighboring cell


What is endocrine signaling? - ANSWER✔✔-hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout

the body


What is autocrine signaling? - ANSWER✔✔-cell signals itself


What is the response of a typical cell when potassium channel close? - ANSWER✔✔-Depolarization



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Why is sodium ion concentration low inside the cell? - ANSWER✔✔-1) Impermeability of the membrane




2) Na+/K+ pump that pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in




*Low sodium inside the cell = a healthy cell


Do vesicles have lipid membranes? - ANSWER✔✔-Yes


What are peripheral membrane proteins? - ANSWER✔✔-proteins that bind to the membrane without

passing through it (usually noncovalently bonded to an integral membrane protein)


What are integral proteins? - ANSWER✔✔--Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid

bilayer.




-Have membrane spanning domains




-Some are linked to membrane phospholipids or fatty acids


What are the characteristics of phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)? - ANSWER✔✔-1) Amphipathic


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2) Main lipid constituent of plasma membrane




3) Glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acyl tails in ester linkage + one polar head group (can have various sizes of

head groups)


What are sphingolipids? - ANSWER✔✔-phospholipids built on a sphingosine backbone


What are glycosphingolipids? - ANSWER✔✔-They have a sphingosine backbone, a sugar, and a fatty acid

tail


What are sphingomyelins? - ANSWER✔✔-Sphingolipids where the head group is phosphocholine or

phosphoethanolamine.


What are the characteristics of sphingolipids? - ANSWER✔✔-1) Amphipathic




2) Sphingosine backbone (1 tail) + 1 fatty acid tail + polar head group composed of a carbohydrate

(ganglioside) or a phosphate ester of an alcohol (sphingomyelin)


What is the width of the lipid bilayer? - ANSWER✔✔-5-6nm


What are the characteristics of cholesterol? - ANSWER✔✔-1) Amphipathic
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2) Is a sterol




3) Essential to the membrane




4) Wedges into bilayer and has effect on fluidity by interacting with hydrocarbon groups on phospholipid

tails


What are the two ways that lipids can move within the bilayer? - ANSWER✔✔-Lateral diffusion and

rotation


What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? - ANSWER✔✔-Saturated = no

double bonds




Unsaturated = one or more double bonds


What are the matrix binding domains of proteins? - ANSWER✔✔-- Ensure that proteins don't move

around and that they are attached to their anchored positions




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