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BIO 115 Final Exam Study Guide correctly answered to pass
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BIO 115 Final Exam Study Guide correctly answered to pass
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BIO 115 Final Exam Study Guidecorrectly answered to pass
12 Principles of Biology - correct answer ✔✔Cells are the simplest unit of life
Cell theory: (1) all organisms are composed of cells (2) Cells are smallest unit of life (3) new cells come
from pre-existing cells
Living organisms use energy (E)
process called respiration
metabolism: breakdown of cellular molecules
Living organisms interact with their environment
example: plants grow towards light source
Living organisms maintain homeostasis
maintaining internal conditions
Living organisms grow and develop
The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction
DNA is passed from one generation to the next
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genes are segments of DNA
genes are transcribed into a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) that
is then translated into a polypeptide
one or more polypeptides is a protein
Populations of organisms evolve
All species (past & present) are related by an evolutionary history
Genome: complete genetic composition of an organism or species
Proteome: complete protein composition of cell or organism
Structure and function are intimately related
New properties of life emerge from complex interactions
Biology is an experimental science
,Biology affects our society
Levels of Biological Organization - correct answer ✔✔1. Atoms
2. Molecules & Macromolecules
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs/ organ systems
6. Organisms
7. Population
8. Community
9. Ecosystem
10. Biosphere
Discovery Science - correct answer ✔✔Observation and data recording to gain knowledge
(understanding). No preconceived hypothesis. Builds on previous findings
Hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited
evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Theory - correct answer ✔✔broad explanation of phenomena:
Theories are based on evidence from different sources and systems. Tested and retested - hold up over
time. Ability to make many correct predictions.
*Correlation data is sometimes all we have to form conclusions*
Vertical Evolution - correct answer ✔✔New species evolve from preexisting ones by the accumulation of
mutations (most common type of gene transfer)
Horizontal Evolution - correct answer ✔✔Gene transferred between organisms by other mechanisms
(transduction, transformation, conjugation). *think about viruses and bacteria*
, Genome's Importance - correct answer ✔✔1. Stores information in a stable form
2. Provides continuity from generation to generation
3. Acts as an instrument of evolutionary change
Population - correct answer ✔✔Group of same species in an area
Structure of DNA - correct answer ✔✔DNA double helix is organized as a chromosome in cells
Genes are the functional unit of DNA
Individuals within a species have chromosomes with shared characteristics
ex: the order of genes within a chromosome is the same within a species
^shared genetic characteristics
Ploidy - correct answer ✔✔refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
n represents ploidy
Haploid = 1n
1 copy of each type of chromosome
Diploid = 2n
*n=23 in human cells (haploid cell) therefore 2n=46*
Asexual Reproduction - correct answer ✔✔Offspring are essentially "clones" of reproduction.
No gametes or fertilization involved
Still have genetic variation
Mutations: spontaneous & induced
Horizontal gene transfer from bacteria and viruses
*Most Organisms on the planet reproduce Asexually!!*
Organisms that reproduce asexually: - correct answer ✔✔Some fungi
bacteria
amoeba
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