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Solution manual American Government:
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political development and institutuional
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change 12th edition by caljillson,All chapters
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1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalismand American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
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Chapter1 l
THEORIGINSOFAMERICANPOLITICALPRINCIPLES
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FOCUSQUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
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A1 The ancientsbelieved the role of government and politics was to foster human
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lexcellence. However,it isimperative torememberthat theGreeksand Romans
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lbelieved the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
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lequality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule oflaw to
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lprovide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was largely used
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lto facilitate religion and maintained the need for theindividual to live a proper life
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l in the service of God. The role of government changed in the early sixteenth
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lcentury by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively promotingthe role
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lof limited government to protect private property and individual rights.
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Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
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A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order, l ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l l
stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view of Athenian society by
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advocating the best form of government as a polity, which combined oligarchic and
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democratic elementsto produce political stability. The Romans combined monarchical,
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aristocratic, and democraticprinciples as amixed government within representative
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bodies like the Senate and the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the
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rich and the poor. Government in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine
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right,wherebya monarch or Pope was ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom and
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virtue rested within these few individuals who governed to promote religious life and
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protect the religious establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation,and
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Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of government from upholding religious
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doctrine to secular concerns, such asprotecting inalienable rights, including private
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property, and promoting commerce.In turn,Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religioushierarchy as ameans l l l ll ll ll l l ll ll
ltoprovide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history ofancient
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Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
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l would decay into mob rule. Hence,the passions ofthe masses needed to be quelled
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l by more aristocratic elements. With this problem inmind, the Framers ofthe U.S.
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lConstitution referenced the institutional design ofthe Roman republic adhered to the
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tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle and the Romans. This
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was maintained in the indirect selection of both the Senateand the presidency within
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the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic anddemocratic
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l elementsin a governing structure called a polity. In effect,this governmental design
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l allowed the few and the many to participate in the politics providing an orderly
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l society where the poor should be able to select government officials who were held
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l accountable.This was also made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-like
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l Senate and the more democratic House ofRepresentatives. Thus the American
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republic’s Constitution established institutional powers to govern accordingto the
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l rule of law. While the Framers rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages,
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l they appealed to inalienable rightsendowed upon every individual by God, per the
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l writings of John Locke, in which a just governmentand society could not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands tosettle inAmerica?
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A4 Individuals immigrated to the coloniesto escape religious persecution and civil unrest ll ll ll ll l ll ll ll ll ll l l
after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities. Colonists
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enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical area where
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freedom ofreligion and economic opportunity flourished. Also,their heterogeneous
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social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as equality and
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tolerance, tended to promote political freedom at the sametime that socialexpansion
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ofthepopulation wasoccurring.
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Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
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A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this typeof governing
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lauthority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who should
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l rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the elite (well-
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leducated, land owners) should occupy positionsof leadership. Thus, an aristocratic
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lelement within government wasnecessary to protect against thethreat ofmob rule
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lhistorically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the idea ofrepublicanism
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lwas promoted as an ideal at a higher level than democracy.Thiswas made most
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manifest in the tendency toprefer mixed
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© 2023 Taylor& Francis
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