This post covers Exam review questions on biology with verified solutions. This questions will improve your knowledge and understanding on biology concepts.
Eukaryotes - Cell wall in fungi and plants
- Nucleus, and membrane bound organelles
Centrioles - microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division
-NO membrane
-plants lack centrioles
Centromere - Near middle of eukaryotic chromosomes where spindle fibers attach
Lysosome - Membrane bound
-Involved in ingestion
-Hydrolytic enzymes
-has the ability to "commit suicide"
Mitochondria - -generate energy (oxidative phosphorylation → ATP)
-self-replicating organelles
-contain DNA in circular plasmids
Desmosomes - "Spot welds"
-attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength
-Ex: skin
Tight junctions - seal the spaces between cells and prevent cell leakage
Ex: intestinal cells
, Nucleus - "information center"
-Contains chromosomes, DNA and RNA
-Separated by a double membrane nuclear envelope
Nucleolus - Within the nucleus
-Ribosome synthesis takes place
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Transport network for molecules targeted for certain
modifications and specific destinations
Rough ER - Has ribosomes on its surface
-secretes proteins into cytoplasm
Smooth ER - Lacks ribosomes
-plays a role in Calcium sequestration and release
Ribosomes - -RNA and protein molecules
-Can be found floating freely or bound to a membrane
Vacuoles - Store food and waste
-Plant vacuoles usually bigger than animal vacuoles
Gap Junction - Allows cells to exchange nutrients and for molecular communication
Endosymbiotic Theory - Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent
unicellular organisms living in symbiosis with larger cells
Fluid Mosaic Model - Lipids and proteins are free to move back and forth fluidly
- diffuse laterally
-Integral proteins: embedded in membrane by hydrophobic interactions - hard to remove
-Peripheral proteins: stuck to integral membrane proteins by H-bonding or electrostatic
interactions - easy to remove
Cell surface receptors - Type of integral membrane protein
-3 types
1. Ligand-gated (open ion channel)
2. Catalytic
3. G-protein
G-protein - Uses secondary messengers that amplify the signal
Ex: cAMP
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