Class notes

Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry Thermodynamics Kinetics Reaction Mechanisms Stoichiometry Molecular Structure Spectroscopy

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Chemical Science

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Uploaded on October 31, 2024
Number of pages 18
Written in 2024/2025
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Maheshvari deen
Contains All classes

chemistry organic chemistry inorganic

Institution Secondary school
Chemical Science
School year 2

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vè;k; 1
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡
,oa lehdj.k
v ius nSfud thou dh fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij è;ku nhft, vkSj fopkj
dhft, fd D;k gksrk gS tc
n XkfeZ;ksa esa dejs osQ rki ij nwèk dks [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

n yksgs dk rok@rlyk@dhy dks vknzZ ok;qeM a y esa [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
n vaxwj dk fd.ou gks tkrk gSA

n Hkkstu Ikdk;k tkrk gSA

n gekjk 'kjhj Hkkstu dks Ikpk ysrk gSA

n ge lk¡l ysrs gSaA

bu lHkh IkfjfLFkfr;ksa esa IkzkjafHkd oLrq dh Ikzdf` r rFkk Ikgpku dqN u dqN cny
tkrh gSA IknkFkZ osQ HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa ge fiNyh d{kkvksa esa
i<+ pqoQs gSAa tc dksbZ jklk;fud ifjorZu gksrk gS rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd ,d
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gqbZ gSA
vki 'kk;n lksp jgs gksaxs fd jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk okLrfod vFkZ D;k gSA ge
oSQls tku ldrs gSa fd dksbZ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gqbZ gS\ bu Ikz'uksas osQ mÙkj Ikkus osQ
fy, vkb, ge dqN fØ;kdyki djrs gSAa

fØ;kdyki 1-1
lkoèkkuh% bl fØ;kdyki esa f'k{kd osQ lg;ksx
dh vko';drk gSA lqj{kk osQ fy, Nk=k vk¡[kksa ij
fpeVk
p'ek igu ysa rks mfpr gksxkA
eSXuhf'k;e
n yxHkx 3&4 cm yacs eSXuhf'k;e fjcu dks jsxeky fjcu
ls jxM+dj lki+Q dj yhft,A
n bls fpeVs ls idM+dj fLifjV ySia ;k cuZj ls cuZj okWp Xykl
bldk ngu dfj, rFkk blls cuh jk[k dks okWp eSXuhf'k;e
vkWDlkbM
Xykl esa bdêòk dj yhft, tSlk fd fp=k 1-1 esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA eSXuhf'k;e fjcu dk ngu djrs fp=k 1-1
le; bls viuh vk¡[kksa ls ;FkklaHko nwj jf[k,A eSXuhf'k;e fjcu dk ok;q esa ngu dj eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM dks
n vkius D;k izs{k.k fd;k\ okWp Xykl esa bdêòk djuk

2020-21

, vkius ns[kk gksxk fd pednkj 'osr ykS osQ lkFk eSXuhf'k;e fjcu dk ngu gksrk
gS vkSj ;g 'osr pw.kZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ;g eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM dk pw.kZ gSA
ok;q esa mifLFkr vkWDlhtu rFkk eSXuhf'k;e osQ chp gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k osQ dkj.k
;g curk gSA

fØ;kdyki 1-2 fØ;kdyki 1-3
n ,d ij[kuyh esa ysM n ,d 'kaDokdkj Ý+ ykLd ;k Ikj[kuyh esa oqQN nkusnkj ¯td yhft,A
(lhlk) ukbVªVs dk ?kksy n blesa ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ;k lYÝ+ ;wfjd vEy feyk nhft, (fp=k 1-2)
yhft,A lkoèkkuh% vEy dk bLrseky lkoèkkuh ls dhft,A
n blesa iksVfS 'k;e vk;ksMkbM n D;k tLrs osQ nkuksa osQ vklikl dqN gksrk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS\
dk ?kksy feyk nhft,A n 'kaDokdkj ÝykLd ;k Ikj[kuyh dks Li'kZ dhft,A D;k blosQ rkieku esa dksbZ
n vkius D;k iz{s k.k fd;k\ ifjorZu gqvk gS\

Åij fn, x, rhuksa fØ;kdykiksa osQ vkèkkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd
fuEu fdlh Hkh izs{k.k dh lgk;rk ls ge fuèkkZfjr dj ldrs gSa fd ,d
dkoZQ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gqbZ gS&
dk¡p n voLFkk esa ifjorZu
dh uyh n jax esa ifjorZu
H2 xSl
n xSl dk fudkl@mRltZu
'kaDokdkj n rkieku esa ifjorZu
ÝykLd
ruq lYÝ+;w+fjd vEy
;fn ge vius vklikl gks jgs IkfjorZuksa dks ns[ksa] rks Ikk,¡xs fd gekjs
nkusnkj tLrk pkjksa vksj fofoèk Ikzdkj dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ gks jgh gSaA bl
fp=k 1-2 vè;k; esa ge fofHkUu Ikzdkj dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa vkSj muosQ
nkusnkj tLrs Ikj ruq IkzrhdkRed fu:i.k dk vè;;u djsaxsA
lYÝ+;wfjd vEy dh
vfHkfØ;k ls gkbMªkstu xSl 1.1 jklk;fud lehdj.k
dk fuekZ.k
fØ;kdyki 1-1 dk fooj.k% tc vkWDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa eSXuhf'k;e fjcu dk
ngu gksrk gS rc ;g eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM esa IkfjofrZr gks tkrk gSA okD; osQ :Ik esa
fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk fooj.k cgqr yack gks tkrk gSA bls laf{kIr :Ik esa Hkh
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bls 'kCn&lehdj.k osQ :Ik esa fy[kuk lcls ljyre fofèk gSA
Åij nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k dk 'kCn&lehdj.k bl Ikzdkj gksxk%
eSXuhf'k;e $ vkWDlhtu → eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM (1-1)
(vfHkdkjd) (mRikn)
vfHkfØ;k (1-1) esa eSXuhf'k;e rFkk vkWDlhtu ,sls inkFkZ gSa ftuesa jklk;fud
ifjorZu gksrk gS] bUgsa vfHkdkjd dgrs gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k ls ,d u, inkFkZ
eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] bls mRikn dgrs gSaA

2 foKku

2020-21

, 'kCn&lehdj.k esa vfHkdkjdksa osQ mRikn esa ifjorZu dks muosQ eè; ,d rhj dk
fu'kku yxkdj n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA vfHkdkjdksa osQ chp ;ksx ($) dk fpg~u yxkdj mUgsa
ckb± vksj (LHS) fy[kk tkrk gSA blh Ikzdkj mRiknksa osQ chp Hkh ;ksx ($) dk fpg~u
yxkdj mUgsa nkb± vksj (RHS) fy[kk tkrk gSA rhj dk fljk mRikn dh vksj gksrk gS
rFkk ;g vfHkfØ;k gksus dh fn'kk dks n'kkZrk gSA

1.1.1 jklk;fud lehdj.k fy[kuk
D;k jklk;fud lehdj.k osQ fu:i.k dh blls Hkh laf{kIr fofèk gS\ 'kCnksa oQh txg
jklk;fud lw=k dk mi;ksx djosQ jklk;fud lehdj.kksa dks vfèkd laf{kIr rFkk
mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA jklk;fud lehdj.k fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dks
n'kkZrk gSA ;fn vki eSXuhf'k;e] vkWDlhtu rFkk eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM osQ lw=kksa dk
Lej.k djsa rks mijksDr 'kCn&lehdj.k bl Ikzdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
Mg + O2 → MgO (1-2)
rhj osQ fu'kku osQ ckb± vkSj nkb± vksj osQ rRoksa osQ Ikjek.kqvksa dh la[;k dh fxurh
dj mudh rqyuk djsaA D;k nksuksa vksj rRoksa osQ Ikjek.kqvksa dh la[;k leku gS\ ;fn
gS] rks lehdj.k larqfyr gSA ;fn ugha] rks lehdj.k vlarqfyr gS D;ksafd lehdj.k
osQ nksuksa vksj dk nzO;eku cjkcj ugha gSA fdlh vfHkfØ;k dk ,slk jklk;fud
lehdj.k <k¡pk jklk;fud lehdj.k dgykrk gSA bl Ikzdkj lehdj.k (1-2)
eSXuhf'k;e osQ ok;q esa tyus dk <k¡pk lehdj.k gSA

1.1.2 larfq yr jklk;fud lehdj.k dk egRo
vkidks nzO;eku osQ laj{k.k dk fu;e Lej.k gksxk ftloQk vkius uoha d{kk esa vè;;u
fd;k Fkk% fdlh Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa nzO;eku dk u rks fuekZ.k gksrk gS u gh
fouk'kA vFkkZr fdlh Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k osQ mRikn rRoksa dk dqy nzO;eku
vfHkdkjd rRoksa osQ dqy nzO;eku osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k osQ Ikgys ,oa mlosQ Ik'pkr IkzR;sd rRo osQ
Ikjek.kqvksa dh la[;k leku jgrh gSA blfy, gesa dadkyh lehdj.k dks larqfyr djuk
vko';d gSA D;k jklk;fud lehdj.k (1-2) larqfyr gS\ vkb, ge jklk;fud
lehdj.k dks pj.kc¼ larqfyr djuk lh[ksaA
fØ;kdyki 1-3 osQ 'kCn&lehdj.k dks bl Ikzdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS%
¯td $ lYÝ+;wfjd vEy → ¯td lYi+sQV $ gkbMªkstu
mijksDr 'kCn&lehdj.k dks fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud lehdj.k ls n'kkZ;k tk
ldrk gS%
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 (1.3)
vkb,] lehdj.k (1-3) esa rhj osQ fu'kku osQ nksuksa vksj osQ rRoksa osQ Ikjek.kqvksa dh
la[;k dh rqyuk djsaA

jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,oa lehdj.k 3

2020-21

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