,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is primarily involved in the
development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
b) Insulin resistance
c) Genetic mutations affecting insulin production
d) Altered glucagon secretion
Correct Answer: a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is primarily caused by
an autoimmune response that destroys the insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin
deficiency.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The ____________ is the region of the
brain responsible for regulating thirst and water balance.
Correct Answer: Hypothalamus
Rationale: The hypothalamus is a critical brain region that
controls various autonomic functions, including thirst and
water balance, through its connection to the pituitary gland.
3. True/False: Pulmonary edema is commonly caused by
left-sided heart failure.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale: Pulmonary edema, characterized by fluid
accumulation in the lungs, is often a result of left-sided
heart failure, which leads to increased pressure in the
pulmonary circulation.
, a) Stroke
b) Retinopathy
c) Myocardial infarction
d) Nephropathy
Correct Answers: a) Stroke, b) Retinopathy, c)
Myocardial infarction, d) Nephropathy
Rationale: Hypertension can lead to multiple organ
damage, including stroke (cerebral vascular accident),
retinopathy (eye damage), myocardial infarction (heart
attack), and nephropathy (kidney damage).
5. Multiple Choice: What is the primary cause of anemia in
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
a) Iron deficiency
b) Vitamin B12 deficiency
c) Erythropoietin deficiency
d) Hemolysis
Correct Answer: c) Erythropoietin deficiency
Rationale: In CKD, the damaged kidneys often fail to
produce sufficient erythropoietin, a hormone essential for
red blood cell production, leading to anemia.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: ____________ is the term used to
describe an abnormally high concentration of potassium in
the blood.
Correct Answer: Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Hyperkalemia refers to an elevated level of
potassium in the bloodstream, which can be life-threatening
and is often associated with renal failure.
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