,Multiple Choice: Which of the following pathophysiological
changes is most likely to occur in a patient with untreated chronic
hypertension?
a) Decreased vessel elasticity
b) Reduced cardiac output
c) Increased renal perfusion
d) Decreased systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: a) Decreased vessel elasticity
Rationale: Chronic hypertension leads to changes in the blood
vessels, particularly in their ability to stretch and accommodate
blood flow. Over time, high blood pressure can cause the vessel
walls to become stiff and thickened, leading to decreased vessel
elasticity.
Fill-in-the-Blank: The primary compensatory mechanism that
occurs during acute hypovolemia is ___________.
Correct Answer: Tachycardia
Rationale: During acute hypovolemia, the body compensates by
increasing the heart rate (tachycardia) to maintain cardiac output
and blood pressure.
,True/False: In a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis
is more common than in type 2 diabetes due to the absolute
deficiency of insulin.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes involves an absolute deficiency of
insulin, which is essential for glucose uptake and utilization.
Without insulin, the body resorts to fat breakdown, leading to
ketone production and ketoacidosis.
Multiple Response: Select all the factors that contribute to the
development of atherosclerosis:
a) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels
b) Physical inactivity
c) Chronic inflammation
d) Smoking
Correct Answers: b) Physical inactivity, c) Chronic
inflammation, d) Smoking
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is influenced by several factors,
including physical inactivity, chronic inflammation, and smoking.
High levels of HDL, however, are protective against the
development of atherosclerosis.
, 1. Multiple Choice: A patient presents with a history of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following is
the most likely pathophysiological mechanism contributing to their
dyspnea?
(a) Decreased alveolar-capillary membrane diffusion
(b) Increased airway resistance
(c) Reduced lung compliance
(d) All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation and
airflow obstruction, leading to all of the mentioned
pathophysiological mechanisms. Decreased alveolar-capillary
membrane diffusion limits gas exchange, increased airway
resistance makes it harder to breathe, and reduced lung
compliance restricts lung expansion.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The primary mediator of the inflammatory
response in rheumatoid arthritis is __.
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