PSYC 140 Module 2 Exam Problem Set DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY GRADED A+
longitudinal study - Answer -This type of design involves following individuals over a long
period of time with multiple assessment points. For example, children can participate in a
longitudinal study in which they are asked about their social groups at age 10, 13, and 15.
-enables researchers to tease out whether a phenomenon is due to developmental change (the
person becoming older, more mature, etc.) or something inherent in the individual. It can also
explore what qualities change over time and what qualities remain stable.
cross-sectional study - Answer -compares different age groups at the same time. For instance,
this study design would include three groups of children and teens who are asked about their
social groups. The groups are compared to each other.
Naturalistic Observation - Answer -research method that involves observing a research subject
outside of a research setting and in a more natural location. For example, Jean Piaget routinely
observed his children at play at home.
Case Study - Answer -involve direct observation of research subjects. But, case studies also
involve interviewing the participant in great detail. As such, it is a very detailed examination of
an individual.
Survey/Interview - Answer -administered anonymously, such as via the Internet or mail, or in
person. If they are administered in person, they would take place in an interview format. Surveys
ask questions about attitudes, opinions, and the frequencies of certain behaviors.
Correlational Research - Answer -the researcher is interested in knowing how two variables, or
things, relate together. For example, do the number of friendships that people have increase with
age? To answer this, researchers use statistics to indicate the degree and direction of the
relationship. The degree of the relation tells you how strong the correlation is, while the direction
indicates whether both variables increase together (that would be a positive relationship) or
whether as one variable increases, the other decreases (a negative, or inverse, relationship). An
example of a negative association or relationship would be as one gets older, one throws fewer
temper tantrums.
, Experiments - Answer An experiment is a research design in which the researcher tightly
controls the setting, as well as participants and variables in the research study. In addition, the
researcher manipulates a factor that is believed to have some influence.
2.2 Biological Beginnings and Prenatal Development - Answer ...Prenatal diagnostic tests allow
parents and health care professionals to discern whether a baby is developing normally. These
tests include ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.
Ultrasound - Answer -Ultrasound (sonogram) directs high frequency sound waves into the
mother's abdomen. The echo from the sound waves is then used to create an image of the
developing baby. Ultrasound can show the position of the baby, gender, gestational age, and
some brain defects.
-Noninvasive and generally viewed to be safe, a general rule is to have fewer than five
ultrasounds during pregnancy (having five or more may be associated with increased risk of low
birth weight). Below is a 3-D ultrasound image taken at the gestational age of 20 weeks.
Amniocentesis - Answer -involves removing a sample of amniotic fluid through a syringe. The
fluid can then be tested for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities.
-is done between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. However, amniocentesis is more
invasive than an ultrasound, and there is a risk of miscarriage after amniocentesis (roughly 1 in
300 women will miscarry).
Chorionic Villus Sampling - Answer -involves inserting a tube and removing tissue from the end
of one or more chorionic villi, which are finger-like projections on the membrane of the placenta.
These contain the same genetic material as the developing baby.
- CVS is typically performed between the 10th and 12th weeks after conception and is used to
detect genetic abnormalities. Due to its invasive nature, there is a higher risk of miscarriage than
with amniocentesis.
Genetic-Environment Interactions - Answer -There are three ways that genetics (nature) and
environment (nurture) interact to influence an individual.
Passive Genotype-Environment Interaction - Answer -parents can provide both the genetic
predisposition as well as a nurturing context to foster certain qualities in a child. For example, a
musical family provides many opportunities for musical development.
, -This example is known as a passive genotype-environment interaction, since the child's role is a
passive one (a genotype is the genetic make-up of an individual).
Evocative Genotype-Environment Interaction - Answer -parents can provide the genetic
predisposition for the child to then evoke certain reactions in others. For example, a very social
child will affect others around her to behave in certain ways, which will then influence her own
development. For example, this child may develop a large social group and be viewed favorably
by teachers who value strong interpersonal skills.
Active Genotype-Environment Interaction - Answer -parents may provide a genetic
predisposition that results in the child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster
the development of certain qualities. For example, a musically gifted child may single-mindedly
pursue musical outlets regardless of whether others encourage him or her to do so.
2.3 Biological Beginnings and Prenatal Development II - Answer -begin going sequentially
through the lifespan, starting with conception.
When can a fetus respond to sound? - Answer a. 7-8 weeks
b. 8-9 weeks
c. 20 weeks
d. 22-26 weeks
e. 30 weeks
Answer: C. 20 weeks
When are arteries and veins of heart are complete? - Answer a. 7-8 weeks
b. 8-9 weeks
c. 20 weeks
d. 22-26 weeks
e. 30 weeks
Answer: A. 7 weeks
