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NU 433: Immune Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+
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NU 433: Immune Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+ Inflammation - -not the same as infection; infection is just one type of offending agent that can set off this response -a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent to prepare the site f...

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  • November 1, 2024
  • 21
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
NU 433: Immune Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+


Inflammation - ✔✔-not the same as infection; infection is just one type of

offending agent that can set off this response

-a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control, or eliminate the

offending agent to prepare the site for repair

-nonspecific response that is meant to serve a protective function

Inflammatory response sequence - ✔✔involves changes in the

microcirculation, including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability,

and leukocytic cellular infiltration

Inflammatory response - ✔✔-vascular changes: The transient

vasoconstriction that occurs immediately after injury is followed by

vasodilation and an increased rate of blood flow through the

microcirculation to the area of tissue damage. Local warmth and redness

result. Next, the structure of the microvascular system changes to

accommodate the movement of plasma protein from the blood into the

tissues. Following this increase in vascular permeability, plasma fluids

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
(including proteins and solutes) leak into the inflamed tissues, producing

swelling. Leukocytes migrate through the endothelium and accumulate in

the tissue at the site of the injury. The pain that occurs is attributed to the

pressure of fluids or swelling on nerve endings and to the irritation of nerve

endings by chemical mediators released at the site. Bradykinin is one of the

chemical mediators suspected of causing pain. Loss of function is most

likely related to the pain and swelling; however, the exact mechanism is not

completely known.

-cellular changes: As blood flow increases and fluid leaks into the

surrounding tissues, the formed elements (red blood cells, white blood

cells, and platelets) remain in the blood, causing it to become more

viscous. Leukocytes (white blood cells) collect in the vessels, exit, and

migrate to the site of injury to engulf offending organisms and to remove

cellular debris in a process called phagocytosis. Fibrinogen in the leaked

plasma fluid coagulates, forming fibrin for clot formation, which serves to

wall off the injured area and prevent the spread of infection.

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function - ✔✔five cardinal

signs of inflammation (local effects)

Histamine - ✔✔-chemical mediator

-present in many tissues of the body but is concentrated in mast cells

, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
-released when injury occurs and is responsible for the early changes in

vasodilation and vascular permeability

Kinins - ✔✔-chemical mediator

-cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

-attract neutrophils to the area

-suspected of causing pain

Prostaglandins - ✔✔-chemical mediator

-another group of chemical substances also suspected of causing

increased vascular permeability

Systemic effects - ✔✔-fever

-leukocytosis

-malaise

-anorexia

-sepsis

Acute inflammation - ✔✔-characterized by the local vascular and exudative

changes

-usually lasts less than 2 weeks

-immediate and serves a protective function

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