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NUR 325 Final Exam Questions and
Verified Answers 100% Guaranteed Pass
What is stenosis? - ✔✔Stiffening or narrowing of the valve, really hard for
the blood to make its way through the valve
What is regurgitation? - ✔✔The valve doesn't close completely and blood
can go back through the valve the opposite way; valve becomes a two way
door
What does regurgitation cause? - ✔✔A murmur
What is Preload? - ✔✔The amount of stretch on the ventricles at the end of
diastole
How can preload be measured? - ✔✔Central Venous Pressure, Stroke
volume (The amount of blood the ventricles contracts/shoots out), Passive
Leg Raise
Passive leg raise to measure preload - ✔✔If stroke volume increases by
more than 10% when legs are raised above the head, could benefit from
more fluids
Ways to improve a low preload - ✔✔Fluids
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Ways to improve a high preload - ✔✔Diuretics or dialysis in the case of
kidney failure
Physical Assessment of Low Preload - ✔✔Hypovolemic so dry skin, dry
mucus membranes, low skin turgor, orthostatic
Physical Assessment of High Preload - ✔✔Hypervolemic so edema,
crackles on lungs, hypoxic, SOB, weaping
What is Afterload? - ✔✔The amount of resistance the ventricles have to
face at the end of systole
How to measure Afterload - ✔✔SVR (Systemic Vascular Resistance): how
dilated/constricted blood vessels are
How to improve a low Afterload - ✔✔Vasopressin, dopamine (high doses),
norepinephrine, epinephrine
How to improve a high Afterload - ✔✔Nitroglycerin, Nicardipine, Labetelol
What is contractility? - ✔✔How the heart is squeezing
Ways to Measure Contractility - ✔✔Cardiac output, cardiac index (more
individualized)
Ways to improve Contractility - ✔✔Epinephrine, dopamine and
dobutamine, digoxin
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What are example of invasive lines? - ✔✔Peripheral lines, Arterial lines,
Central Venous Catheter, and Pulmonary Artery line
How to care for a Arterial Line? - ✔✔Give fluids so that the line doesn't clot
off, Make sure to watch distally to the insertion sight, Insertion sight always
staying covered, Transducer needs to be level to fourth intercostal space
midaxillary line (heart) and the level needs to be 0
What if a transducer is too low? - ✔✔Artificially too high of a BP
What if a transducer is too high? - ✔✔Artificially too low of a BP
How to care for a Peripheral Line? - ✔✔Check for infiltration, redness and
swelling at the sight, Check for infection
How to care for a Central Venous Catheter? - ✔✔Inserting sterile and
keeping a sterile dressing over it, Clean off ports before you give
medication, Green caps that are full of alcohol to keep the ports clean when
they aren't being used, Flush every 8 hours, CHG bath, bath every day in
general
How to care for a Pulmonary Arterial Line? - ✔✔Similar to Central Lines
Normal Sinus - ✔✔PR interval 0.20, QRS interval less than .11, Rate is 60-
100
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Sinus Bradycardia - ✔✔PR interval 0.20, QRS interval less than .11, Rate
is less than 60
Sinus Brady Symptoms - ✔✔o Decreased level of consciousness
o Decreased capillary refill
o Lightheaded, dizzy
o Cool, clammy skin
o Fatigue
How to treat sinus brady? - ✔✔Give Atropine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Sinus Tachycardia - ✔✔PR interval 0.20, QRS interval less than .11, Rate
is over 100
Symptoms of Sinus Tachy - ✔✔Similar to Bradycardia
How to treat Sinus Tachycardia - ✔✔- Treat underlying cause like pain,
anxiety, stress
- Beta blockers
SVT (Supraventricular Tachycardia) - ✔✔QRS interval is less than .11, no
ST elevation, Very high rate, cannot measure PR interval
How to treat SVT - ✔✔Vasovagal Maneuvers (blow into a straw, cough,
bear down), Adenosine, Betablockers or calcium channel blockers, and
cardioversion
