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Advanced Pharmacology 5334 Module 2 Part 1 Exam
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Advanced Pharmacology 5334 Module 2 Part 1Exam 2024-2025
pKa
value is one method used to indicate the strength of an acid
pKa
is the negative log of the acid dissociation constant or Ka value
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A lower pKa value indicates
a stronger acid. That is, the lower value indicates the acid more fully dissociates in
water. The lower the__________of a drug—the more acidic it isThe higher
the_____________of a drug—the more basic [alkaline] it is.
Distribution equilibrium is established when the permeable form of the drug has
acquired equal amount in all the water spaces in the body.
Absorption in Pharmacology
__________________ refers to entry into the bloodstream from a site of administration.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Drug Absorption
____________________ is dependant upon the environment where the drug is absorbed,
chemical characteristic of the drug, and route of administration.
,Distribution in Pharmacokinetics
The process where the drug leaves the bloodstream and enters interstitial and
intracellular fluids.
What factors does drug distribution depend on?
_________________ depends on cardiac output, local blood flow, capillary permeability,
tissue volume, binding to plasma and tissue proteins, and the drug's lipophilicity.
Metabolism
_____________________cause the drug to be biotransformed through _________________by
the liver or other organ
Elimination
The drug and its metabolites are then __________from the body—and excreted via the
urine bile or feces
Enteral administration refers to the
Administration of the drug by mouth-most common, convenient, and economical
Management of toxicities and overdoses of oral drugs
Antidotes may include activated charcoal
Some factors affecting oral drug absorption include
Low gastric pH inactivates some drugs, enteric-coated preparations, extended-release
preparations
Advantages of sublingual route
, Easy to administer, well and rapidly absorbed, avoids harsh GI environment, avoids
first-pass metabolism
Advantages of buccal route
Ease of administration, rapid absorption, bypass of the harsh GI environment,
avoidance of first-pass metabolism
Parenteral Administration
Introduces the drug directly into the systemic circulation Intravenous Intramuscular
Subcutaneous Intradermal
Parenteral Administration
this route used for drugs poorly absorbed from GI tract, unstable in GI tract, patients
unable to take PO meds and when you need rapid onset of action This route provides
most control over the dose delivered Route of administration is irreversible
What are the oral inhalation and nasal preparation advantages?
Speedy delivery of drug to large quantities of mucous membrane of lung, easy for the
patients who have respiratory disorders, drug is delivered to the site of action
What are the drugs typically given through oral inhalation?
Gases, drugs which can be given as aerosol
Intrathecal/ Intraventricular
Blood-brain barrier delays or prevents absorption of drugs into CNS • If local, rapid
effects are needed— drugs can be given into CSF
Topical
Used when a local effect of a drug is needed
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