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Microbiology Midterm Exam Questions and Answers 2024
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Microbiology Midterm Exam
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Microbiology Midterm ExamDefine Micro- - answer ess than 1mm and cannot see with the naked eye
Need a microscope to see
Microbes, microorganisms, germs, bugs
What are the 5 groups of microorganisms studied? - answer Bacteria--most famous
Virus--2nd
Fungus--3rd
Protozoa--some but few
Algae--not a human pathogen
What generates 1/2 of the O2 that we breathe and would make life impossible without?
- answer Microbes
What is the smallest simplest single-celled organism? - answer Bacteria
What is not a cell, can't live by itself and needs to invade a cell? - answer Virus
What are the two different classification of fungus? - answer Molds and yeast--micro
Mushrooms--Macro
What is a mostly single-celled organism that is Animal like? - answerProtozoa
What are parasites? - answerDifferent organisms that range from worms, insects and
protozoa that need a host to survive
What are the different applied microbiology fields of study - answerImmunology
Epidemiology--control spread of disease
Food Micro--relationship between bacteria, food and drink
Agriculture Micro--relationship between bacteria and crop
Industrial Micro--microbes to produce vitamins, AA, Enzymes, etc.
Eukaryotic cells are... - answermore complete
Prokaryotic cells are... - answerall micro organisms and lack a nucleus
Characteristics of microorganisms - answerSmall size
Unicellular simplicity
High Growth rate
Adaptability
microscope - answerinstrument used for enlargement of small objects
,simple microscope - answersingle lens and a few working parts. not strong
compound microscope - answer2 magnifying lenses, a visible light sours, a condenser
which collects light to direct toward the object
magnification - answercapacity of an optical system to enlarge small objects
ocular lens - answerone we look through. 10X
objective lens - answer4 different, 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X
What is resoltion? - answerCapacity of optical systems to distinguish or separate 2
adjacent objects/points from each other. represents clarity of image
Types of microscope? - answerLight--visible light, bright field, dark field, phase contrast,
diff interference
Ultraviolet--florescence
Electron--scanning, transmission
what type of microscope do we use in the lab? - answerbright field light microscope
how does a microscope work? - answerlight source is on the bottom. The light travels
from the lamp, hits the condenser lents which collects light and points it toward the
object. the light passes through the objective lens and the real image of the object forms
behind the ocular lens. the image we see is the virtual image after it asses through the
ocular lens and is at the total magnification
Highest magnification for all light microscopes? - answer2,000X and 200 nm resolution
eubacteria - answerthe common bacteria of the 2 types. (-) WITH cell walls, (+) WITH
cell walls, and no cell wall (mycoplasm)
archebacteria - answerless common type of bacteria. do not produce peptidoglycan and
can live in extreme environments
appendages - answerattached to bacteria on one side, the other side is "free"
motility appendages - answerflagella and axial filaments
flagella - answerfor motility and self propulsion. found mostly in gram negative bacteria.
provide a smooth forward movement
structure of flagella - answermade of protein with 3 distinct parts: filament, hook, basal
body (inside and has 4 rings and a rod that rotate)
, axial filament - answerwrap around the cell and cause spiral like movements. has only
two parts: a long thin microfibril inserted into a hook.
attachment appendages - answerfimbriae and pili
fimbriae - answershort appendages that allow bacteria to attach to bacteria
pili - answerlong appendages are found in gram negative bacteria and are useful when
mating
cell envelope - answerthe bacterial surface (glycocalyx), the cell wall, cell membrane
glycocalyx/bacterial surface - answerthis layer is a coating to protect the cell. two types
slime layer - answertype of glycocalyx that protects bacteria from loss of water and
nutrients and loosely bound to the bacteria
capsule - answerthick, gummy consistency. It is tightly bound to the bacteria and is not
easily washed off
cell wall - answerthe layer beneath the glycocalyx and provides the cell with structure. It
determines the shape of the bacterium from bursting or collapsing from changes in
pressure. ESSENTIAL for bacterial survival
peptidogylcan - answerprovides the protective quality of the cell wall. rigid. compose of
long glycol chains. forms a meshwork.
gram positive cell wall - answerpurple. thick sheet with peptidoglycan and tightly bound
polysaccharides. has a lot of peptidoglycan which binds to the purple die
gram negative cell wall - answerpink. small amounts of peptidoglycan and there is a
large space between the peptidoglycan and the outer membrane
Gram Staining - answer1. crystal violet (both will turn purple. gram + will have more
precipitin on cell wall bc more peptidoglycan)
2. grams iodine (not a stain. binding agent)
3. alcohol (washes color off gram -. too much is bound to gram + to wash off)
4. safranin (red/pink, gram negative will take up this stain)
Why doesn't the outer membrane associated with gram negative bacteria prevent the
alcohol from washing off the crystal violet? - answerThe outer layer is made of lipids,
not glycoproteins. Alcohol can dissolve the lipids and wash the stain off of the
peptidoglycan underneath
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