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NUR 3050 Unit 2 Exam Questions with Complete Answers
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NUR 3050 Unit 2 Exam Questions with Complete Answers
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NUR 3050 Unit 2 Exam Questions withComplete Answers
Ischemia - Answer-Insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues
Hypoxia - Answer-Insufficient oxygen reaching cells
Anoxia - Answer-Total lack of oxygen in body tissues
Hypoxemia - Answer-Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
Gas Exchange Lifespan Considerations: Infants/Young Children - Answer-- Babies born
after 30 weeks of gestation have sufficient surfactant production (prevents alveolar
collapse)
- Obligate nose breathers until about 3-month-old
- If nasal passage becomes occluded, difficulty breathing
- Child's airway shorter and narrower than adult
- Cartilage that supports trachea more flexible
- Potential to compress airway if head and neck aren't appropriately positioned
- Intercostal muscles immature...retractions
At what gestational age is surfactant production sufficient? - Answer-30 weeks
Children are obligate nose breathers until what age? - Answer-~ 3 months
How does a child's airway compare to that of an adult? - Answer-Shorter and narrower
How does the cartilage that supports the trachea in children compare to that of adults? -
Answer-It is more flexible
How does a flexible trachea in children impact gas exchange? - Answer-There is
potential to compress the airway if the head and neck aren't properly positioned
What is the consequence of immature intercostal muscles in children? - Answer-
Retractions
Why do older adults have a weaker cough? - Answer-Diminished strength of respiratory
muscles reduces the maximal inspiratory and expiratory force
What does increased cough (as in older adults) increase risk of? - Answer-Aspiration
How are alveoli affected in older adults? - Answer-- Become less elastic and more
fibrous
- Reduces diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane
,How is oxygen demand impacted in pregnancy? - Answer-It is increased due to
increased metabolic demand
How is the diaphragm affected in pregnancy? - Answer-Growing users raises the
diaphragm, decreasing the ability of the lungs to expand
How does progesterone affect the respiratory system? - Answer-↑ Tidal volume ad
pulmonary vasodilation = Greater absorption of inhaled drugs
Risk Factors for Impaired Gas Exchange - Answer-- Infants, young children and older
adults
- Environmental (air pollution and allergies)
- SMOKING
- Altered state of consciousness (risk for aspiration)
- Bed rest or prolonged immobility (atelectasis)
- Immunosuppression
What is the most significant risk factor for impaired gas exchange? - Answer-Smoking
What is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the US? - Answer-
Tobacco use
If left untreated, what can hypoxemia result in? - Answer-Hypoxia, eventually death
What can mild impairments of gas exchange/hypoxemia cause? - Answer-- Fatigue
- Irritability, confusion
- Discomfort (pain)
What is asthma? - Answer-- Chronic inflammatory disease of airways characterized by
airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation
- Recurrent episodes
- Reversible
s/s Asthma - Answer-- Difficulty breathing
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness or pressure
- Coughing (especially at night and non-productive)
- Wheezing
Asthma by the Numbers - Answer-- Estimated 20 million Americans
- 1.3 million emergency department visits each year
- 13.8 million missed school days
- 3500 deaths in U.S. each year
Etiology of Asthma - Answer-Exaggerated response to triggers
, Allergen triggers:
- Pollens
- Weeds
- Dust mites
- Animal dander
Other triggers:
- Medications
- Exercise
- Exposure to hot or cold air
- Viral infection
- Stress
- Smoking
Occupational chemicals
Atopy - Answer-Genetic predisposition for developing IgE mediated response to
allergens
What does asthma trigger? - Answer-Acute inflammatory response
Pathophysiology of Asthma - Answer-Complex interaction among inflammatory
mediators
- Histamine, cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
- Airway edema and over production of mucus
- Spasm of bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchoconstriction is normal reaction to foreign stimuli
- Bronchi normally dilate during inspiration and constrict during expiration
- Asthma: bronchi hyperresponsive
- Leads to prolonged expiratory phase
Narrowed airway impedes airflow (constriction, edema, mucus)
- Forced expiration through narrowed lumen
- Increases work of breathing (fighting to inspire sufficient air)
- Expenditure of effort for breathing causes fatigue, decreased respiratory effectiveness,
& increased oxygen consumption
Air trapped in alveoli mixes with inhaled air
- Mixing of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Decreased exchange oxygen across alveolar/capillary membrane
What is status asthmaticus? - Answer-- Severe, prolonged form of asthma that is
difficult to treat
- Can cause respiratory failure/death
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