NSG 533 Exam 1 Questions And
Answers
What are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER -1.
ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. Defects in membrane permeability
What is the most common stressor of...
What are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER -1.
ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. Defects in membrane permeability
What is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER -ATP deletion
What are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER -1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
How many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER -2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER -36
In ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? - ANSWER -1. Hypoxia
2.
Ischemia - ANSWER -reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER -obstruction --> ischemia
--> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
Explain what happens when the Na-K-atpase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - ANSWER -normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most
potassium ions are inside the cell
,When the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and
potassium freely exits the cell
As a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
Where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER -Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
Explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased
ATP production - ANSWER -glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased,
intracellular ph is decreased
Decreased ph results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Define free radicals - ANSWER -unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
Why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER -they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a
cell and drill holes in its membrane
What are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER -highly reactive forms of oxygen
typically from the mitochondria
Why are antioxidants important - ANSWER -protect cells from free radicals and
ROS
Are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER -decreased
:(
What are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER -1.
Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
Define oxidative stress - ANSWER -Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
, Two endogenous accumulations - ANSWER -1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
Define reperfusion injury - ANSWER -when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
Explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury - ANSWER -
reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages membrane
proteins and phospholipids
What four ROS are generated in oxidative stress? - ANSWER -1. Hydroxyl
radical
2. Superoxide radical ion
3. Nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite
4. Hydrogen peroxide
What happens when nitrogen-based free radicals are formed in reperfusion injury?
- ANSWER -further damage to the cell membrane occurs and calcium overloads
the mitochondria
Explain bilirubin - ANSWER -a pigment that is released when RBC break down --
> pigment is released into the bloodstream as unconjugated bilirubin, which cannot
be excreted into the urine --> taken up by the liver cells --> binds to glucuronic
acid --> becomes conjugated bilirubin, which can be excreted in the urine
5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER -1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
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