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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Psychology - Answer-the science of behavior and mental processes
Scientific Attitude - Answer-curiosity, skepticism, humility
William Wundt - Answer-established the first psychology laboratory at the University of
Leipzing, Germany
Structuralism - Answer-early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used
introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Functionalism - Answer-early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by
Darwin ; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the
organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
William James - Answer-studied human, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Behaviorism - Answer-the view that psychology should be an objective science that
studies behavior without reference to mental processes
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner - Answer-scientific study of observable behavior
Nature Nurture issue - Answer-the longstanding controversy over the relative
contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological
traits and behaviors
Natural selection - Answer-chance inherited traits aiding survival and reproduction are
ones most likely to be passed down
Biopsychosocial approach - Answer-an integrated approach that incorporates biological,
psychological, and sociocultural levels of analysis
Theory - Answer-explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes
observations and predicts behaviors or events
The Scientific Method - Answer-testing hypothesis (a testable prediction, often implied
by a theory) and refining theories using
-descriptive methods
-correctional methods
-experimental methods
, Natural observations - Answer-descriptive technique of observing and recording
behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying manipulate and control the
situation
Experimental groups - Answer-exposed to the treatment, that is, the one version of the
independent variable
Control group - Answer-the group not exposed to the treatment, contracts with the
experimental groups and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the
treatment
Independent variable - Answer-the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect
is being studied
Dependent variable - Answer-the outcome that is measured; the variable that may
change when the independent variable is manipulated
Placebo effect - Answer-experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect
on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the
recipient assumes is an active agent
Informed consent - Answer-giving potential participants enough information about a
study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Neurons (nerve cells) - Answer-building blocks of the nervous system
Dentrite - Answer-fibers that receive massages from other cells
Axon - Answer-passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to
muscles or glands
Myelin Sheath - Answer-covers the axons of some neurons and helps speed neural
impulses
Glial Cell - Answer-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect
neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory
Action potential - Answer-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an
axon
Threshold - Answer-the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
All-or-none response - Answer-a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength
response) or not firing
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